NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 
207 ’ 
maps, to have had an earlier outlet, in the line of its general direc- 
tion, through a little brook now flowing southeast into the St. 
John) ; and followed the Upper Reach, Kelly’s Creek, the Rusa- 
gonis, and Rockwell Stream. Beyond this I have found no direct 
evidence of its course, but the general parallelism with other rivers 
would lead us to expect that it crossed to near Little River in' 
Hampstead and followed the St. John to the Belleisle (originat- 
ing this part of the St. John). It ran thence through Kingston 
Creek, Forester’s Cove, and a line of brooks to Loch Lomond, 
Black River and the sea west of McCoy’s Head. Such a course 
explains perfectly several otherwise puzzling geographical fea- 
tures, such as the course of the St. John from Long Island to the 
Belleisle, and Kingston Creek. The deviation fromparallelism at 
Little River is of course explained by the presence of the great 
Bald (or Champlain) mountain mass, which would thus be shown 
to have stood up like Mount Pleasant, as a monadnock from the 
general plain on which the rivers were forming. 
lo. The Keswian Valley . — As described in the preceding note, 
this river probably headed in the Miramichi, flowed through the 
Upper Nashwaak (with a branch from the source of the Mirami- 
chi and a part of Becaguimec, and possibly from the upper St. 
John), the present Keswick and the St. John to Fredericton re- 
ceiving an important branch from the Nacawic, Upper Becagui- 
mec (and perhaps the Presquile) ; thence its course was probably 
along the present Portobello under the intervale to Major’s Island 
and the present river to Jemseg.* From this point it seems 
possible that we can trace it also across country to the sea through 
Lewis’ Cove, Spragg’s Brook, Paticake Brook, part of Hammond 
River, and Quaco River, to the sea in Quaco Bay. 
It is possible that even another of these parallel valleys existed' 
east of the Keswian along the course of the dotted line on the map. 
If so, it arose in the Nashwaak above the Udenack (perhaps even 
in Miramichi Lake and north of the Miramichi), passed through 
Udenack and McKenzie Brook (or as on the map) across the 
head of Little River, over Grand Lake to Young’s Cove, over 
Washademoak to Long’s Creek, thence to a branch of Studholm 
Mill Stream, to Sussex Vale, and by Trout Creek and Quiddy 
* Below Fredericton there begins an extensive intervale basin which soon opens to 
include Portobello, French Lake and Maquapit ; and it is noteworthy that the St. John for 
the most part keeps close to the upland on the southwest. It is possible that this is a 
result of the tendency in rivers of the northern hemisphere to erode their right banks, a 
consequence of the influence of the earth’s rotation on the movingwater. Something of the 
same kind appears to be true of the Lower Oromocto, (Note 73.) 
