NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 211 
quodiaii. Another similar erosion from the Scoodian at Grand 
Falls formed the St Croix east to the Canoose (and that river), 
capturing the Chepednian, while to the westward it formed the 
Scoodic Lake valley. Changes of a similar general character 
seemed to have turned the lower Scoodian and the lower Che- 
pednian into the lower Passamaquodian, while others turned the 
Magadavian into the valley of Bonny River and formed the lower 
Lake Utopia and lower Magaguadavic, the Latang and its 
extension between Deer Island and Campobello, Lepreau harbor 
with its extension northwest of the Wolves and between Campo- 
ello and Grand Manan. Of course these erosions may have been 
and doubtless were, aided by other causes, such as earth move- 
ments ( synclinal ) , fault lines, etc., and some of the minor ones 
may even be of glacial origin only, but all of these influences are 
really more or less connected, and lateral erosion seems to have 
been without doubt the leading factor. 
The zig-zag form of the present St. John (and of the St. 
Croix, though much less in degree,) is thus in great part explain- 
ed. Its semi-circular course around the other rivers (shared in 
much lesser degree and in the opposite direction by the St. Croix) 
is due in a broad way to a combination of the tendencies of the 
waters to continue on their direct courses with the tendency to 
more rapid erosion in the softer rocks, which together carry the 
rivers around the margin, as it were, of the hardest and 
hence more elevated region occupied by the enclosed rivers. 
Thus gradually was a condition approximating that of the 
present brought about. The final details were added first, by the 
glacial period, which produced many minor modifications (includ- 
ing perhaps the turning of some streams to the southward), and 
second, by an extensive subsidence which has carried the lower 
courses of these valleys beneath the sea. The course of events 
here related is largely independent of any theories of peneplains, 
etc., but the facts in general are in harmony with the theory of 
the two peneplains, earlier discussed (Note No. 49), of which 
New Brunswick appears to be made up. There is here opened 
up a most attractive field of investigation in the working out of 
the subject in detail. 
