ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 77 
of Hepatic®, both thallose and foliosc. The following are the more 
general conclusions at which he has arrived. Many species produce 
gemm® or gemmules, which, in their mode of propagation, are analogous 
to spores. Light has a marked influence on the development of* the 
plant from the gemma. Almost every cell of the Hepatic® possesses, 
under ordinary conditions, the faculty of producing again an entire 
plant, although this faculty comes into play only under certain external 
influences. This property is possessed in different degrees by the 
different tissues. The most necessary condition for the process of 
vegetative propagation is the presence of a certain quantity of plastic 
formative materials. 
Characeae. 
Antherozoids of Charace®.* — After a resume of what is at present 
known respecting the origin and the structure of the antherozoids in the 
various classes of Cryptogams, Herr W. Belajeff describes further re- 
searches of his own in relation to those of the Charace®, and gives the 
following as the more important results. 
The antherozoid of the Charace® consists of a spiral body and two 
cilia which are attached at some distance from its anterior end. The 
body may be divided into an anterior end, a central portion, and a 
posterior end. The anterior end constitutes about one-half of a coil of 
the spiral, and is formed from the cytoplasm of the mother-cell. The 
central portion forms, in the mature antherozoids of Cliara , about two- 
and-a-half, in those of Nitella about one-and-a-half coils of the spiral. 
It is formed from the nucleus, and possesses all its characteristic 
chemical properties. On its ventral side it has a border of granular 
protoplasm, which gradually decreases in breadth as the antherozoid 
matures. The posterior end forms about half a coil, and owes its origin 
to the cytoplasm ; when mature it often has a honeycomb structure. 
The cilia are formed out of the cytoplasm of the mother-cell. It follows 
that the cytoplasm plays an important part in the formation of the 
antherozoids ; the nucleus does not appear to participate in the process 
until the anterior and posterior portions of the antherozoid are already 
developed. 
In conclusion the author replies to the observations of Guignard, 
Schottlander,! Strasburger, and others, which are not altogether in 
harmony with his own. 
Rabenhorst’s Cryptogamic Flora of Germany (Charace®). — The 
ninth part of this work by Dr. W. Migula is entirely occupied by species 
of Char a, viz. C. baltica, Koheilii , gymnophila, and foetida, with their 
varieties, of which a large number are described under the first and last. 
The illustrations are numerous and excellent. 
Algae. 
Cell-contents of Marine A1 g®.£ — An examination of a number of 
brown sea-weeds — Ph®ophyce® (including Dictyotace®) and Fucace® 
— leads Herr E. Bruns to the conclusion that starch is never found in 
* Flora, lxxix. (1894) Erganzungsbd., pp. 1-48 (1 pi.). Cf. this Journal, 1889, 
p. 785. t Cf. this Journal, 1893, p. 203. 
£ Flora, lxxix. (1894) Erganzungsb., pp. 159-78 (1 pi.) 
