ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
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capsules at the same time, and which can he used for working with 
hydrogen, carbonic acid or coal gas, or with pyrogallic acid. In shape 
it is somewhat like an exsiccator, and its neck and stopper are shown in 
fig. 19. The body of the bottle is in two moieties, which are fitted together 
very accurately, and joined by carefully ground flanges. The diameter 
of the body of the bottle (fig. 18) is 12 cm. and its depth is 12 cm. The 
stopper has a diameter of 2-3 cm., and by giving it a quarter turn, or 
90°, the apparatus is closed. After putting in the material the two parts, 
the edges of which have been previously smeared with a mixture of bees- 
wax and olive oil, are fitted together, and the chink covered with a broad 
rubber band. This is securely held by an iron clamp, tightened up by 
means of screws. The stopper must be prevented from jumping out by 
securing it to the neck with a rubber band. 
Apparatus for Collecting Samples of Water.* — Dr.C. Gonsalves has 
devised a very simple and inexpensive apparatus for collecting samples 
of water from any depth for bacteriological examination. The apparatus 
consists of a glass bottle supported on a metal plate weighing 2 kilos, 
and kept in position by a ring round the neck, and joined to two iron 
rods rising vertically from the iron plate by means of screws. Above 
the bottle the iron rods are joined by a cross piece placed at such a dis- 
tance above the stopper that the latter can only be just raised, and not 
completely removed. From the stopper runs a wire, passing through a 
hole in the cross piece to the surface. Another wire, connected with 
another terminal cross-piece, supports the apparatus. A sample is 
obtained by just letting down the apparatus to the required depth, and 
then pulling the wire connected with the stopper, which returns to its 
place when the wire is released merely by its own weight. 
Examining Water containing the Bacillus of Typhoid Fever.f — 
M. Grimbert made experiments for the purpose of ascertaining if it were 
possible to isolate the bacillus of typhoid fever from water also containing 
B. coli commune. For this purpose flasks containing sterilized water 
were inoculated with 1 ccm. of a typhoid culture and also with 1 ccm. of 
a coli culture. Neither in the flasks to which carbolic acid had been 
added nor in those without this addition could living typhoid germs be 
found after 48 hours. When the author inoculated 1 litre of sterile 
water with 1 ccm. of a typhoid culture, and with only 2 drops of a coli 
culture, and made gelatin plates after 3 days, only colonies of B. coli 
com. grew up. As the typhoid bacilli, when alone in the water, were 
still alive after the same period, it seems to follow that their disappear- 
ance was due to the influence of B. coli commune. 
Cow s Milk and Cholera.J — According to Dr. W. Hesse fresh cow’s 
milk, so far from being a cultivation medium for cholera bacilli, actually 
kills these germs. The destructive process begins directly the bacilli 
are placed in the milk, and it is over in 12 hours at a temperature of 
15°-20°, or in 6-8 hours at incubation temperature. This destruction is 
independent of the acids in the milk or of the germs and their metabolic 
* Rio de Janeiro (Leuzinger et Filhos), 1893. See Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. 
Parasitenk., xvi. (1894) p. 257. 
f La Semaine Med., 1894, p. 230. See Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., 
xvi. (1894) p. 586. 
X Zeitschr. f. Hygiene u. Infektionskr., 1891, p. 238. See Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. 
u. Parasitenk., xvi. (1894) pp. 202-4. 
