ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICllOSCOPY, ETC. 
209 
M. P. V iala * confirms the detection of peritheces on Uncinula spiralis , 
which identities this American parasite of the vine with the European 
oidium Erysiphe Tuckeri. Both are subject to the attacks of the parasite 
Cicinnobolus Cesatii. 
MM. P. Yiala and L. Ravaz f have also found the peritheces of the 
fungus which produces the white rot of the vine, Coniotliyrium Diplodiella , 
hitherto known to be reproduced only by pycnids. They propose, on the 
strength of this observation, to erect it into a distinct genus Charrinia. 
Specialization in the Parasitism of the Rusts of Grain 4 — Herr J. 
Eriksson calls attention to the existence of distinct biological forms in 
the various species of Uredineae parasitic on our corn-crops, which can 
grow only on particular species of grass. Thus Puccinia graminis has 
the following distinct specialized forms : — (1) f. Secalis on Secale 
cereale, Hordeum pratense, Triticum repens , and Elymus arenarius ; 
(2) f. Avense, on Arena sativa and elatior , Milium effusum, Alopecurus 
pratensis , and Dactylis glomerata ; (3) f. Airse, on Aira csespitosa ; 
(4) f. Agrostidis on Agrostis canina and stolonifera ; (5) f. Pose on Poa 
compressa and pratensis; and a sixth not sharply defined f. Tritici on 
Triticum vulgare — six forms on fifteen different species of grass. In the 
same way Puccinia Phlei pratensis has only one form on two species of 
grass ; P. glumarum five forms on five species ; P. dispersa four forms 
on five species ; and P. coronata six forms on eight species. 
Protoplasmic Connection in Lichens.§ — M. G. Poirault finds the 
connection of the cells by filaments of protoplasm to be a common 
phenomenon in lichens. A favourable species for demonstrating the 
phenomenon is Usnea barbata, where it can be observed without any 
preliminary fixing process, and even in dried material. It occurs here 
in the cells of the medullary layer of the thallus, even between those 
which are at some distance from one another ; the cell-walls are 
usually perforated by several protoplasmic filaments, while in the 
multiseptate paraphyses of the apotheces there is usually only one. 
Between the gonids and the surrounding hvphse no such communication 
has been observed. 
Podetium of Cladonia.|| — Prof. J. Reinke discusses the morpho- 
logical value of the podetium of Cladonia, and combats the view of 
Krabbe 1 that it belongs altogether to the fertile portion or apothece. 
He maintains, on the other hand, that both the podetium and the thallus- 
scales belong to the vegetative portion of the lichen, or thallus, only the 
terminal portion which bears the asci or pycnids being an essential part 
of the fructification. The main arguments in favour of this view are 
derived from the assimilating properties of the podetium, and from the 
fact that in some species it alone represents the assimilating organs, the 
thallus-scales being entirely wanting. 
Action of Antiseptics on Yeast.** — Mr. H. H. Mann, from his ex- 
periments on Saccharomyces cerevisiae with carbolic acid, sulphate of 
* Comptes Rendus, cxix. (1894) pp. 411-3. f Tom. cit., pp. 443-4. 
| Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., xii. (1894) pp. 292-331. 
§ Comptes Rendus, cxviii. (1894) pp. 1362-3. 
i| Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot. (Pringsheim), xxvi. (1894) pp. 495-523 (7 figs.). 
Cf. this Journal, 1892, p. 81. 
** Ann. lust. Pasteur, viii. (1894) pp. 785-95. 
1895 
P 
