ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
451 
Antipodal Cells of Knautia.* — M. Molliard describes a process 
'which takes place in the embryo-sac of Knautia arvensis (and Dipsacus 
jpilosus ) after impregnation. A constriction appears in the sac, which 
separates a smaller basal portion, containing the antipodals, from the 
larger upper portion. The cells of the nucellus adjacent to the lower 
portion of the embryo-sac now divide and put out processes into the sac, 
which form a more or less compact tissue round the antipodals, com- 
pletely filling up the portion of the embryo-sac beneath the constriction. 
This completely divides the sac into two portions, the upper occupied 
by the embryo and the endosperm, the lower by the antipodals sur- 
rounded by the nucellar tissue. This new tissue finally disappears along 
with the tissue of the nucellus. 
Cross-pollination and Self-pollination.t — Herr 0. Ekstam describes 
the arrangements for pollination in a number of species of the Swedish 
Alps, belonging to the orders Polygonacese, Ranuuculaceae, Geraniacese, 
Caryophyllaceae, Saxifragaceae, Ericaceae, &c. Cerastium vulgar e is 
described as being always self-pollinated. 
Mr. C. Robertson $ describes the mole of pollination, and the insect- 
visitors of Dodecatheon Meadia and Steironema ciliatum (Primulaceae), 
JEnslenia albida (Asclepiadaceae), Gentiana puberula , and of several 
species of Phlox , Lithospermum , Physalis , and Mimulus. In several 
instances a copious bibliography is appended. 
Mr. J. McLeod § treats of the same phenomena in 667 species of 
flowering plants, natives of Flanders. Among these, 215, or 31*8 per 
'Cent., are anemophilous ; this very large proportion is due to the great 
extent of water, and to the heavy rainfalls. These conditions are espe- 
cially favourable to the hygrophilous and anemophilous Gramineee, 
Oyperaceae, and Juncaceae, and unfavourable to insects. The author 
makes the observation that in the enormous majority of anemophilous 
and hygrophilous plants, the fruit contains only one or a very small 
number of seeds, corresponding to the very small number of pollen- 
grains deposited on the stigma by the wind, as compared to that carried 
by insects. 
Mr. J. Schneck |] describes the adaptations in the flowers of Cleome 
spinosa (Capparideae) for pollination by humming-birds, humming-bird- 
moths, honey-bees, and wasps. 
Cleistogamous Flowers.^ — Sig. A. He’ Bonis describes the cleisto- 
gamous flowers of Portulaca grandiflora , Salpiglossis sinuata, and Lamium 
amplexicaule. The production of these flowers he attributes to unfavour- 
able vital conditions, especially sterility of the soil. 
Hybridisation without Crossing.** — M. A. Millardet records a 
number of cases in which the impregnation of one variety of strawberry 
by the pollen of another variety did not produce, as is usually the case, 
intermediate forms, but forms reproducing perfectly the characters of 
* Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xlii. (1895) pp. 9-10. 
f Ofv. K. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh. Stockholm, li. (1894) pp. 419-31. 
1 Bot. Gazette, xx. (1895) pp. 104-10, 139-49. 
§ Bot. Jaarb. (Gent), vi. (1894) pp. 119-511 (many figs.). See Bot. Centralbl., 
IxL (1895) p. 331. || Bot. Gazette, xx. (1895) pp. 168-70 (2 figs.). 
^ Bull. Soc. Bot. Ral., 1895, pp. 21-4, 69-70. 
** Mem. Soc. Sci. Pliys. et Nat. Bordeaux, iv. (1894) pp. 347-72 (1 fir.). 
