462 
SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO 
stalk-cell producing from its distal end a simple sterile appendage ; asci 
eight-spored ; spores once septate. 
Moschomyces. — Receptacle composed of a sucker-like compact mass 
of parenchymatous cells penetrating the softer chitin of the host, and 
giving rise above to numerous free cells, from the distal ends of which 
are produced solitary stalked peritheces and appendages ; perithece very 
large, sub-conical, pointed, the apex symmetrical, borne on two simple 
superposed stalk-cells followed by three small basal cells, the basal 
stalk-cell bearing from its distal end a single simple sterile appendage ; 
appendages septate, sparingly branched or simple, the fertile ones 
stouter, bearing one-celled antherids laterally ; asci subcylindrical, eight- 
spored, arising in great numbers and in many rows from a single asco- 
genous cell or centre ; spores minute, acicular, once septate. 
Camptomyces. — Receptacle of two superposed cells, the upper bearing 
the short-stalked perithece laterally, and the antheridial appendage 
terminally ; perithece narrow, with coarse-lipped asymmetrical apex ; 
appendage consisting of a single large basal cell bearing the antherid 
terminally ; antherid multicellular, subconical, with a prominent termi- 
nal pore for the discharge of the numerous roundish antherozoids ; 
trichogyne developed as a small vesicular prominence above a permanent 
ear-like appendage which arises laterally from the young perithece ; 
ascogenous cells two. 
The genus Hesperomyces is now dropped, and its species are placed 
under Stigmatomyces. 
Origin of Wine Yeasts.* — By cultivating Saccharomyces on sterilised 
grapes, Herr A. Jorgensen has been able to trace the whole course of 
development from the mould-fungus form to the Saccharomyces form. 
The original material was sought for on grapes, on the ground that if 
there were a genetic connection between mould fungi and wine yeasts 
the conversion would be constantly going on under natural conditions. 
After much trouble the long sought-for vegetation was found ; it con- 
sisted of typical branched hyphse on which cells had developed, and 
among these some showed an endogenous Saccharomyces-like spore- 
formation. From this material cells were isolated and cultivated on 
sterile grapes, on acid and on alkaline gelatin. On alkaline gelatin the 
vegetation exactly resembled Clialara ; on acid gelatin there was the 
typical aspect of a Dematium. By transferring the Dematium to the 
alkaline medium the Chalara form appeared, and conversely. 
On sterilised grapes the growth at first resembled the Dematium 
vegetation ; but after a few days the uppermost part of the mycele began 
to show septa, and in this way clumps of small rectangular cells and 
lines of conids appeared ; gradually these cells assumed an oval shape. 
After a time, spore-formation took place in the upper conids, and the 
most perfect of these oval cells, which contained 2-4 spores, were quite 
indistinguishable from the ordinary Saccharomyces cells of wine yeasts. 
The optimum temperature was found to be about 20° C. ; and if the 
temperature rose or fell beyond this point, the number of torula cells 
increased, and at 35° the endospore formation was not observed and the 
mycele gradually died off. A too moist substratum or too moist air 
* Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., 2 te Abt., i. (1895) pp. 321-6. 
