ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
463 
was also detrimental, as was also a too dry environment. The spore- 
forming cells fermented wine must, and the vegetation of the sediment 
was undistinguishable from that of ordinary wine yeast. 
Cultivations on sterile grapes from sediment-cells only produced 
the sprouting and spore-forming generations, but the mycele formation 
could be reproduced from the quadrangular non-sporing elements. 
In fine, the author has shown that the Dematium and Chcilara-\ike 
mould fungi which appear on grapes, through a series of gradual 
transition forms, finall}' develop vegetations which have been described 
under the name of Saccharomyces ellipsoideus ; and he further states that 
as the result of numerous examinations of grapes from various countries, 
in no single instance was the Dematium- like lungus absent. 
In conclusion, the author mentions that he has also found that 
species of Aspergillus and Sterigmatocystis occurring on wine possess a 
diastatic ferment which, under favourable conditions, attacks the starch 
with great energy, their conids being converted into yeast-cells which 
excite an alcoholic fermentation. 
Ferments of the Manufacture of Arrack.* * * § — Dr. F. A. F. C. Went 
and Herr H. C. Prinsen-Geerligs have investigated the nature of the 
organisms of the substance known as “ raggi,” which is used in Java 
for the fermentation of arrack from rice-starch. Amonsr other fungi 
they find a very interesting organism which they name Chlamydomucor 
Oryzse g. et sp. n. It consists of a much-branched but unseptated 
mycele, and possesses the property of converting amylodextrin and 
ordinary dextrin into dextrose. It is aerobic, coagulates milk, does not 
invert saccharose, and does not ferment glucose. It may be obtained 
•either from rice-meal or from the sugar-cane. The authors suggest 
that it may be a stage in the cycle of development of Phizopus Oryzse. 
In the same material was found also another new organism, Monilia 
javanica sp. n., which has the power of fermenting dextrose, saccharose 
(which it first inverts), maltose, raffinose, and levulose, but not lactose ; 
also a true Saccharomyces , S. Vordemannii sp. n., which is the principal 
agent in the manufacture of arrack. 
Classification of Lichens.'!’ — In an exhaustive paper on the lichenology 
of northern Italy, Sig. F. Saceardo lays stress on the form of the sporids 
as a generic character in Lichens. Thus, he separates from Peltigera 
the species with fus'form sporids, erecting them into a new genus Pelti - 
gerella, and from Sticta the species with pluriseptate hyaline sporids, 
for which he constitutes another genus with the name Loharia. In 
the same way Arthoniella, Pyrenardia, and Thelidiella are respectively 
formed from the species of Arthonia, Arthopyrenia , and Thclidium with 
uniseptate hyaline sporids. 
Parasitic Fungi. — Mr. C. P. Clinton * identifies Cseoma nitens as 
the ageidio-stage of Puccinia Peclciana, parasitic on several species of 
Ptuhus. 
Mr. S. M. Tracy and Mr. F. S. Earle § describe no fewer than 
* Yerhandl. K. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, 1895, 2^ Sect., 31 pp. and 4 pis. 
(German). f Atti Soc. Yen. Trent. Sci. Nat., ii. (1895) pp. 83-241 (1 pi.). 
X Bot. Gazette, xx. (1895) pp. 116-7. 
§ Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xxii. (1895) pp. 174-9, 
2 h 2 
