ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
537 
seems to be a case of peripheral ganglion cells having protoplasmic 
connections with muscular elements. 
Free Nerve-endings and Sensory Cells in Cestodes.* * * § — Prof. F. 
Blochmann and Herr Zernecke find an unexpectedly rich development 
of free nerve-endings and sense-cells in tapeworms, comparable to those 
described by Lenliossek, Betzius, Smirnow, and Langdon in earthworms 
and other forms. The material used consisted of Cysticercus cellulosse , 
Tsenia serrata, T. cucumerina, T. echinococcus, &c., and especially Ligula 
monogramma and L. digramma. The methylen-blue and the chrome- 
silver methods were used. 
The results show that there is a richly developed nerve-plexus 
beneath the “ subcuticular ” layer, and that in the “ subcuticular ” layer 
there are numerous sensory cells and free nerve-endings. It follows 
from this that the cuticle is a true cuticle, and that the so-called “ sub- 
cuticular layer is the epithelium. 
Cestode of Hyas aranea.f — M. A. Vaullegeard finds that the Cestode 
parasitic in a number of crabs and formerly called by him Csenomorphus 
joyeuxii is the larva of the Cestode known as Tetrarhynclms rujicollis, and 
found in Mustelus vulgaris and Acanthias vulgaris. A detailed account 
of the anatomy and of the mechanism of the proboscis, as well as of the 
structure of the excretory system, is given. 
Taenia solium in North America.^— Dr. C. W. Stiles again calls 
attention to the rarity of this tape-worm in North America. He suggests, 
though it is doubtful if everybody will agree with him, that the relative 
immunity of Americans is explained by the better methods which they 
adopt in the care of the pig. His other explanation that the anti-hygienic 
habit of heating uncooked pork as practised in Germany does not obtain 
in America, is a more acceptable reason. 
Cysticerci in Subcutaneous Tissue.§ — Dr. Kudriascheff describes a 
case in which several tumours about the size of peas were present in the 
subcutaneous tissue of different parts of the body. After removal they 
were found to be cysticerci. 
Spread of Echinococcus Disease. || — By collecting a large number 
of statistics relative to the existence and distribution of hydatids, Herr 
Peiper has been able to show, as far as Germany is concerned, that the 
frequency with which people inhabiting certain districts are affected with 
echinococcus disease is in direct relation to the extent of this disease in 
domestic animals. Some of the author’s statistics are striking ; for 
example, it was found that in the Greifswald district 64 ’58 per cent, 
cattle, 51*02 per cent, sheep, and 4*93 per cent, pigs were affected 
with echinococci, while in the Begenwalde district the figures wore 
2*06 per cent., 2*21 per cent., and 0*82 per cent, respectively. The 
* Biol. Centralbl., xv. (1895) pp. 14-25 (4 figs.). 
t Bull. Soc. Linn. Normand., vii. (1894) pp. 23-6; viii. pp. 112-43 (1 pi.) See 
Zool. Centralbl., ii. (1895) p. 238. 
X Bull. Soc. Zool. Frauce, xx. (1895) pp. 127-31. 
§ Wratsch, 1893, No. 34. See Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., l te Abt., 
xvii. (1895) p. 681. 
|| Stuttgart, 1894. See Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., l te Abt., xvii. 
(1895) pp. 680-1. 
