ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
593 
Professor Lov6n. — Wo have lost a notable name from our list of 
Honorary Fellows by the death of Prof. Sven Loven, who died late in 
August at the age of 86. Prof. Loven was one of those early zoologists 
who did not limit themselves to one small branch of the animal king- 
dom, nor was he of that type of zoologist who confines himself to adult 
forms. What is now known as the larva of Polygordius was discovered 
by Loven in 1842, and that Lovenian larva, as it is often called, has 
been perhaps the subject of as interesting speculations and studies as 
any. In later years Prof. Loven confined himself to the study of 
Echinoderms, in the investigation of which he was the recognised head 
and master, and all students of the subject who had the great good 
fortune to enjoy his personal acquaintance feel a regret for the loss of 
a friend as well as of a great man of science. 
Louis Pasteur. — Great and severe as have been the losses of late in 
the list of the Honorary Fellows of this Society, a blow greater than all 
fell on us on September 28th, when one of the greatest geniuses that ever 
lived, and the greatest benefactor of mankind and of animals, died near 
Paris. Since the death of Darwin there has been no more energetic or 
powerful intellectual force in the world than that of the great Frenchman, 
who, it may be said, more than once in his life suffered severe attacks 
of disease as a result of his arduous labours for mankind. Commencing 
as a chemist, and making a considerable reputation as a chemist, Pasteur 
devoted the latter half of his life to the investigation of biological 
problems. If it cannot be said — and indeed it cannot be said — that he 
solved the problem of the origin of life, yet he was one of those who 
brought us nearer to its solution when, by his exquisite experiments, 
he dealt the final blow at the doctrine of spontaneous generation. No 
question, perhaps, has excited the interest of men of all degrees and of all 
ages as much as the phenomena of fermentation. It was left for Pasteur to 
give a complete explanation and to show that the theories of the chemist, 
represented by no less a man than Liebig, were utterly erroneous. The 
discovery of the principle of vital action in fermentation led Pasteur to 
discuss at large the question of the origins of epidemic diseases in man 
and animals, and gave rise to one of the most fertile ideas of modern 
times, that of preventive medicine. It was one of the first results of his 
discoveries that Sir Joseph Lister was put in the way of making those 
experiments on antiseptic surgery which have revolutionised the practice 
ef the surgeon and abated the pains of the patient. To his own 
countrymen, in three remarkable particulars, Pasteur’s investigations 
have resulted in wealth so extensive that Prof. Tyndall was led to say 
that the discoveries of Pasteur alone would suffice to pay the ransom 
required by Germany. Sent by the French Government to investigate 
the diseases of silkworms, he restored the fortunes of the silk industries 
of Southern France. Led to investigate the fermentation of beer, he 
discovered a method of making pure yeast on a large scale ; this com- 
pletely altered the beer industry. The manufacture of the wines of 
Bordeaux, which had often been uncertain and unequal, was, by the 
teaching that he was able to give to the wine manufacturer, brought to 
a high state of improvement. Turning to the cattle of the field, he 
discovered a method by which that scourge, anthrax, could be success- 
