ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 641 
chym secretes a strongly developed, much branched, horny skeleton. 
The last character is added to distinguish Gerardia from the genus 
Parazoanthus. The remark of Andres that the skeletal structures of 
Gephyra have no direct phylogenetic connection with the Antipatharia, 
but that they are dependent on physiological causes, is true also of 
Gerardia. The secretion of a more or less well developed horny 
lamella in the various groups of the Anthozoa is due to parallelism, and 
has little or nothing to do with genetic affinities. 
New Ehizostomatous Medusae.* — Mr. K. Kishinouwe describes a new 
species of Ehizostomatous Medusa, found near the Marine Biological 
Station in Mesake. It appears to be a third species of the genus 
Thysanostoma, but it also closely resembles in general appearance the 
Medusae of the genus Crambessa. The author agrees with Dr. von 
Lendenfeld that the number of marginal lobes is of little value for the 
determination of species ; as this number varies at different stages of 
development, and even in different octants of one and the same indi- 
vidual. 
Variation in Haliclystus octoradiatus.j' — Mr. E. T. Browne has 
examined 154 specimens of this species collected at Plymouth, and 
found 120 to be perfectly normal and 34 to be abnormal. Some of the 
abnormal forms are beyond doubt good cases of congenital variation, 
while others are examples of imperfect regeneration of organs damaged 
or completely destroyed by injury. Congenital variation is (usually 
shown by an increase or decrease in the number of organs which may 
either vary together or separately. 
Hydroids of St. Andrews Bay.f — The Rev. J. H. Crawford gives 
a list of the hydroid zoophytes now known from St. Andrews Bay. 
Since the first list of these animals was published by Prof. MTntosh 
in 1874 several additional species have been procured. With regard to 
athecate forms St. Andrews with its 10 species compares unfavourably 
with Heligoland which has 16, and Plymouth which has 26. On the 
other hand, St. Andrews has 53 species of Thecaphora , while Heligoland 
has but 35, and Plymouth 36. On the whole then St. Andrews Bay 
takes the lead. It is possible that the poverty of Athecata at St. Andrews 
is due to insufficient search for them. Attention is drawn to the 
appearance in considerable numbers of Hybocodon in May, and Euphysa 
in August. Steenstrupia may yet be found if searched for at sufficient 
depths. The author noted it in great quantities off Shetland, after a 
westerly gale that stirred up the bottom. Singularly interesting and 
beautifully budding-forms such as Hybocodon , Hathkea, and Codonium , 
have been found. 
Spitzbergen Hydroids.§ — Herr 0. Marktanner-Turneretscher de- 
scribes the Hydroids collected by Drs. Kiikenthal and Walter on their 
Spitzbergen expedition. The list includes the following new species : — 
I Laomedea (Gonothyrea') clarkii , Thuiaria kirclienpaueri , Halecium kiiken- 
thali , and H. septentrionale ; and the author suggests needed modifications 
of several genera and families. 
* Zool. Mag., vii. (1895) pp. 133-6 (1 pi.), 
t Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., xxxviii. (1895) pp. 1-8 (1 pi.). 
% Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xvi. (1895) pp. 256-62. 
§ Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst., viii. (1895) pp. 391-438 (3 pis.). 
2 u 
1895 
