ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
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in several respects from those of Meyer.* * * § The substance which clothes 
the cavity of the vittse is allied to suberin and cutin, but is not identical 
with either of them, differing in the absence of fusible substances. The 
phellonic acid which characterises suberous layers is replaced by a dif- 
ferent substance, very resistant to potassa. To the substance, or rather 
the mixture of substances, found in the walls of the vittae, the author 
gives the name vittin. Yittin may occur either by itself in the cell- wall 
or mixed with cellulose, but always more or less in association with 
pectic substances. In the clothing of the cavity and in the septa it is 
on the outside of the cellulose membrane. The solid substance some- 
times found within the vittae is of the same nature as vittin. 
The vita of Astrantia major diverge from the ordinary type. The 
clothing is wanting on the transverse walls, and the epithelium does not 
contain vittin in its cell-walls ; it is replaced by a substance of a 
suberous nature, which is also found in the septated vita of Eryngium 
pandanifolium . 
Water-stomates.'f — Dr. A. Nestler discusses the structure and dis- 
tribution of those stomates which are especially concerned with the 
escape of water rather than of air. He finds there is no sharp line of 
demarcation between these and true aerial stomates, the one passing into 
the other by insensible gradations. Their mode of formation is also the 
same, but they always arise earlier than aerial stomates. They may 
even continue contractile till maturity. The strong curvature of the 
guard-cells is due to turgidity. 
Anatomy of the Bulbs of Crinum.f — Prof. G. v. Lagerheim records 
the presence of latex-tubes in the bulb-scales of Crinum jpratense , a 
feature not hitherto observed in the Amaryllideee. They occur in the 
reserve-store tissue, near the outer side of the scales ; the latex is a 
turbid emulsion, without crystals or starch-grains. 
(4) Structure of Organs. 
Adaptation of Plants to an Alpine Climate.§ — M. G. Bonnier has 
pursued his experimental researches on the cultivation of the same 
species of plant at different altitudes. He finds that, as a rule, under 
Alpine conditions the subterranean parts of the plant are more developed 
relatively to the aerial stems ; the latter are shorter, more procumbent, 
and more hairy ; the leaves are generally smaller, thicker, and more 
hairy ; the flowers are relatively or even actually larger, and are 
more brightly coloured. The internal structure corresponds to the 
functional peculiarities of Alpine plants already pointed out, viz. that, 
on the same leaf-area, chlorophyllous assimilation and transpiration are 
more intense, the epiderm is not so strongly cuticularised, and the 
stomates are more numerous. 
* Cf. this Journal, 1889, p. 662. 
f Nov. Act. K. Leop.-Carol. Deutsch. Akad. Naturf., lxiv. (1895) pp. 139-74 
(2 pis.). See Bot. Centralbl., Ixiii. (1895) p. 75. 
t Christiania Yidensk. Skrift., i. (1894) No. 3. See Bot. Centralbl., 1895, Beih., 
p. 264. 
§ Ann. Sci. Nat. (Bot.), xx. (1895) pp. 217-360 (12 pis. and 28 figs.). Cf. this 
Journal, 1891, p. 71. 
