ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
679 
abdomen of guinea-pigs. Two cases gave a positive result. In one case 
the mother was suffering from tuberculous pulmonary phthisis, with 
bacilli in the sputum. The child died the day before birth. The guinea- 
pig died of tuberculosis two months after it had been injected with blood 
from the umbilical vein. Three other guinea-pigs injected with an 
emulsion of the spleen from this child died of tuberculosis. In the 
other case the mother had extensive excavation of the lungs. The child 
died forty days after birth of broncho-pneumonia. At the birth two 
guinea-pigs were injected with blood from the umbilical vein ; one of 
these died from extensive visceral tuberculosis. Both mothers died 
soon after parturition. 
Bacteriology and Small-Bores.* — Dr. J. Karlinski has made some 
interesting experiments with rifles of different patterns, to determine to 
what extent the wound made by the bullet can be contaminated by foreign 
particles dragged in by the projectile. Bifles of six different patterns 
were fired at varying distances at boxes filled with sterilised gelatin and 
covered with cloth impregnated with different organisms or sterile 
Shots were also fired at animals and at dead meat. It was found that 
foreign particles, such as fibres of cloth, hair, Ac., were not only carried 
in but actually forced to no little distance (3 cm.) from the track. 
Hence, if a soldier’s clothing be contaminated with pathogenic organisms, 
the passage of a small-bore bullet might carry in along with it the germs 
of blood-poisoning, and so distribute them as to render antiseptic treat- 
ment of the bullet-track itself useless. 
Differential Diagnosis between the Microbes of Swine Fever and 
Fowl Enteritis.^ — The bacillus of swine fever may be distinguished, 
says Dr. E. Klein, from the microbe of fowl enteritis by being shorter 
and thinner. The colonies in gelatin at 20° are smaller, grow less 
quickly, and are greyer and smoother. In gelatin puncture cultivations it 
forms a narrow grey transnarent band with slightly crenated edges, 
while the bacillus of fowl enteritis grows rapidly along the cultivation- 
track, forming in 2-3 days a broad white band with irregular rather 
thin edges. On agar neither organism presents anything specially 
characteristic. On potato at 37° fowl enteritis forms in a few days a 
brownish slightly elevated moist platelet. The swine fever bacillus forms 
a colourless thin transparent membrane. The bacillus of swine-fever 
is pathogenic to pigeons, rabbits, guinea-pigs, and mice, but not to fowls. 
The bacillus of fowl enteritis is not pathogenic to pigeons ; to rabbits 
only in a restricted degree ; it is pathogenic to guinea-pigs and mice. 
Margarin Bacteria.^— Herren Jolles and Winkler have examined 
margarin and its products bacteriologically for the chief purpose of con- 
trasting the number and kind of germs with those found in butter. The 
more important results of their investigation were that the number of 
bacteria in margarin and its products is quite small as compared with 
the number found in butter (10-20 millions in 1 grm.) The number of 
germs varies with the kind or variety of margarin and its derivatives ; 
thus, in crude margarin it is higher than in oleomargarin ; less in mar- 
* Ceutralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., l te Abt., xviii. (1895) pp. 97-102. 
f Tom. cit., pp. 105-7. 
X Zeitschr. f. Hygiene, xx. pp. 60-108. See Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., 
tc Abt., i. (1895) pp. 644-5. 
