ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
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been carried out by feeding Gimex hemiptera on cultures of the parasite, 
and the conclusions arrived at that (1) the flagellates pass down to the 
rectum of the bug twenty-four hours after the feed ; (2) in microscopic 
preparations the parasites can be found in the alimentary tract as late 
as the nineteenth day after the feed ; (3) from microscopic examinations 
alone it would appear that the parasite disappears from the mid- gut, if 
the bug is not re-fed after the original feed on the culture ; and (4) if 
a bug is re-fed again on clean human blood after a short interval, a 
large number of round growing flagellates appear in the mid-gut, and 
these, by multiplying, produce an intense infection. Various parts of 
the alimentary tract of bugs fed' on cultures of the parasite were also 
cultured on the NNN medium. It was thus found that H . tropica can 
live for 23 days in the alimentary tract of starved bugs ; for 34 days 
in the stomach of re-fed adult bugs ; 44 day>s in the hind intestine, and 
34 days in the rectum. It can live for 31 days in the mid-gut of a 
re-fed nymph ; 36 days fn the hind intestine and rectum ; and for at 
least 9 days in the mid-gut of a bug fed as a larva. B. L. B. 
Behaviour of Herpetomonas donovani in the Bed-bug. — W. S. 
Patton, II. M. La Frenais, and Sundara Bao ( Ind. Journ . Med. Res., 
1921, 9, 252-4). Adult bugs were fed on cultures of parasite of Kala- 
azar, and various parts of the alimentary tract cultured on the NNN 
medium at varying intervals after the infected feed. The parasite can 
live as long as 41 days in the mid-gut of Gimex hemiptera , even though 
the bug be fed six times on clean human blood after the one infected 
feed. B. L. B 
Nuttallia ninense. — J. A. Sinton {Ind. Journ. Med. Res., 1921, 
9, 359-63, 2 pis.). Description is given of this parasite as seen in 
smears from the blood and organs of two hedgehogs ( Erinaceus sp.) 
at Kohat in the North-West Frontier Province of India. The author 
considers the parasite the same as that described by Yakimoff in 
Erinaceus europseus from Saratow in Russia, and called by him Piroplasma 
ninense. B. L. B. 
The Kala-azar and Oriental Sore Problems. — W. S. Patton 
{Ind. Journ. Med. Res., 1922, 9, 496-532, 6 pis.). The parasites of 
Kala-azar and Oriental sore belong to the genus Herpetomonas. Reference 
is made to Wenyon’s remarks on the justification for establishing the 
genus Leishmania, but according to the author Laveran and Franchini 
have conclusively proved that more than one species of true Herpeto- 
monas parasitic in an insect can live and multiply in the organs of 
laboratory animals in which they produce lesions similar to those of 
Kala-azar and Oriental sore, and smears from these organs show the 
parasites infecting the cells, similar to those of Kala-azar in the cells of 
the organs of man and indistinguishable from them. The possible 
routes by which the parasite of Kala-azar can leave the human body 
are discussed, and blood-sucking insects other than bed-bugs are rejected 
as possible transmitters of the disease. When the bed-bug {Gimex 
hemiptera ) was fed on the peripheral blood of a case of Kala-azar con- 
taining many parasites, the parasites slowly developed into flagellates in 
the mid-gut as soon as the cells containing them were digested, and 
