22 
DISCOVERIES AT A VILLAGE OF THE STONE AGE. 
carried about by the Indians of British Columbia at the pre- 
sent day, and used like playing-cards. 
Of ivory implements the only ones found were made of the 
tooth of the beaver. By cutting the point of the incisor of 
this animal in various ways, chisels, gouges, and other pointed 
implements were formed. These would be used where the 
material to be operated upon was not too hard, and such im- 
plements were more easily made than the quartz scrapers or 
tools. 
ANIMALS USED FOR FOOD. 
In our operations at Bocabec a great many bones and frag- 
ments of bones of various animals were unearthed, I have 
not yet had time or opportunity to have these determined, but 
it is certain that quite a number of species are represented. 
The beaver is perhaps the most abundant, for the lower jaw 
and the femur of this animal were constantly turning up in 
our excavations. The leg-bones of moose and of deer or 
cariboo (reindeer) were also of frequent occurrence, but were 
almost invariably broken to pieces for the marrow. The hare, 
the fox and the bear were indicated by teeth, jaws and limb- 
bones. Bones of birds are frequent, and represent those of 
wading, aquatic, and arboreal habit. A number of bones, 
which from their spongy texture are supposed to be those of 
marine animals, were found. Fishes are represented by re- 
mains of the cod, herring, sculpin and shark. 
But the remains which form by far the greatest mass in 
the kitchen-middens at Bocabec are those of shell-fish. Among 
these, pre-eminence must be given to the clam ( Mya arenario ), 
which makes up perhaps nine-tenths of the bulk of the mol- 
luscan refuge.* The horse-mussel (Mo diola modiolus) and the 
* The following paragraph from the St. Croix Courier (1892), published at St. 
Stephen, N. B., is of interest in connection with the great abundance of the shells of 
this mollusc. “ Mrs. Brown [Mrs. W. Wallace Brown, of Calais, Me , whose husband 
was formerly Indian Agent] has been told by the Passamaquoddies that the shell 
heaps were left by their forefathers ; who, they say, made autumn encampments 
on the shore, for the purpose of getting a winter supply of clams. They chose a 
spot from which it was easy to get back to their winter hunting grounds; therefore 
the shell heaps are usually found near the mouths of navigable streams. The clams 
were put in an oven, and cooked just enough to be taken out of the shells easily; and 
were then dried on sticks. This preserved them and made them light and easy to 
carry. Several households they say used the same oven, which accounts for the 
great number of shells in one place The saltness of the clams made them an im- 
portant article of food; as salt was unknown in its crystalline form.” [It is evident 
however, that the men of the Stone Age did not visit Bocabec solely for the purpose 
of laying in a store of smoke-dried clams.— G. F. M.] 
