442 BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 
and Gaspereau, and confirmatory of the supposition that this 
higher country is a rising anticlinal ridge. 
Taking the course of the river as a whole, however, it is 
evident that its fall, especially of the part below Little Forks, 
is very small for so long a stream. On my visit I supposed it 
must be less than that of an equal stretch of any other flowing 
New Brunswick river; but 'later I found that the Washademoac 
displays even less, as I shall show in a forthcoming note upon 
that river. 
On this part of the river, as elsewhere not infrequently in 
the Carboniferous basin, occur mineral springs, of which one of 
the best known is near Castaway Island. It is mentioned by 
Gesner, with an analysis of its contents, in his Third Report , 75. 
Mr. Welch has sent me other particulars.* 
The last rapid occurs a mile above the Gaspereau; below, 
the river is a deadwater stream, flowing through intervale, 
marsh, and low-rising banks, in a very open valley all the way 
to Grand Lake. Half a mile, or less, below the Gaspereau, one 
sees in the broadened river bed the numerous waterlogged 
stumps and timber sticks which, on the North Shore rivers, mark 
always the position of the head of tide, — not of course of the 
salt water, but of the backed-up fresh water. Mr. Welch tells 
me the influence of the tide is not perceptible above Jesmeg, 
but I predict that careful instrumental studies would show that 
some influence is felt as far as this point. Just below begins 
a series of low intervales and marshes, largely forming islands, 
which obviously constitute the real delta of Salmon River, their 
very presence at this point being another indication, as in the 
case of the Keswick Islands, of the presence of the head of tide. 
Just below the islands, the river makes an abrupt bend to the 
south around a prominent ridge which lies right across its course, 
and then swings southwest again, and continues as a deadwater 
*Mr. Welch writes; — “We have several mineral springs here. Some have so bad a taste 
that no person could drink a cupfull without being made sick. We have one near where I 
live [evidently the same mentioned by Gesnerj, that tastes like weak salts. Strangers cannot 
drink it at all. Cattle and birds seem to like it better than any other water. Some springs 
here you can smell a quarter of a mile, and there are lots of them.” 
