NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 443 
stream between low-rising banks, with much marsh, intervale, 
sand, and other alluvium, the whole displaying a good deal of 
quiet charm, down to Chipman, which lies in a very open country. 
Farther down, in the westerly swing culminating in Ironbound 
Cove, rocky banks again appear, in stony beaches and vertical 
miniature cliffs, showing, no doubt, the presence of another of 
the low anticlinal ridges. Below this, the country again falls 
off as the river empties into Salmon Bay which is the real head 
of Grand Lake, for the interposed peninsula of Indian Point is 
merely of modern alluvial wash from the Lake. 
But while the present river has this course below the Gas- 
pereau, its original valley obviously did not; for, above the turn 
around the aforementioned Ridge, the valley is perfectly con- 
tinuous with the wide open trough-like valley of Salmon Creek 
which here enters Salmon River directly against its course. 
There can be no question that originally these two valleys were all 
one. Taking into account this fact, together with others earlier 
mentioned in these notes, — the remarkable uniformity in course 
and direction of all the Northumbrian Rivers, (Note No. 93), 
and certain facts already mentioned in the preceding note on 
the Gaspereau (including the strongly re-entrant direction of 
Castaway Brook), there is no doubt, I think, that Salmon River 
originally headed in Salmon Creek, and flowed in a direction 
opposite to its present course, emptying through the Richibucto 
into Northumberland Strait.* This is the valley which in the 
Note on the Northumbrian Rivers I called the Richibuctian. 
It is quite probable, by the way, that it heads even farther back 
in the East Branch of Newcastle Creek, which lies partly in 
the same line. As to the great changes in level of the land 
which have originated these changes, this is not the place to 
discuss them, and it must suffice to say that movements and 
forces ample to effect such changes are well known to our geo- 
logists. 
As the note on Gaspereau has pointed out, and as the map 
suggests, the valley below the ridge is in reality an extension 
*It is a matter of much interest that Mr. P. H. Welch, as he long ago wrote me, had inde- 
pendently come to this same conclusion. 
