22 Bulletin Wisconsin Natural History Society [Vol. 12, Nos. 1 & 2 
The fauna of the Tamarack-Spruce Association is well defined: 
six vertebrates are here which were not found elsewhere in the 
hog, namely, Canachites c. canace, Ahittallornis borealis, Nannus 
hiemalis, Regulus satrapa, Sorex richardsonii, and Neosorex palns- 
tris. Canachites was oliserved once in 190G and twice in 1907, 
but was not seen in the bog thereafter; a pair of Nuttallornis 
borealis was seen frequently during July, 1909, and again in 1911 
this species was occasionally seen in the Tamarack-Spruce Asso- 
ciation. This association is characterized in part by many other 
species such as Rana cantabrige7isis, Dry abates v. leucomelas, Zono- 
trichia alhicollis, Melospiza melodia, Dendroica vigorsii, Sitta cana- 
densis, Hylocichla g. pallasii, and Sorex personatus. Sciurus h. 
minnesota is common, as it is elsewhere in the wooded parts of the 
bog. Enipidonax jlavivenlris, Junco hyemalis, Bombycilla cedro- 
rum, Dendroica 'niagnolia, Feromyscus ni. gracilis, Evotomys gapperi, 
and Lepus a. phaeonotus invade from the Cedar-Balsam-Hemlock 
Association. 
0. The Cedar -Balsam-Hemlock Association. The soil through- 
out the area of the Cedar-Balsam-Hemlock Association is formed 
not only from accumulation of humus but in part of sand weath- 
ered from the hill bordering the bog on the west. Humus, how- 
ever, constitutes a large part of the surface soil which in this 
association has a firm foundation and is no longer spongy and 
liorous. Tsuga canadensis. Thuja occidentalis, Abies balsamea, 
Acer spicatum, Clintonia borealis, and Nemopanthus mucronata 
were found only in this association ; Thuja is confined to the earlier 
stages, while Tsuga and Acer are late invaders; Picea canadensis, 
Acer saccharuni, Amelanchier canadensis, Sorbus americana, and 
Cornus canadensis, though found elsewhere, are here character- 
istic. Pinus divaricata, Pmus resinosa, Pinus strobus, Epigaea 
repens, and Gaidtheria procumhens invade from the Hillside 
Association. 
Among the vertebrates which characterize this association are 
Bonasa u. togata, Junco hyemalis, Vermivora ruficapilla, Pero- 
myscus m. gracilis, Evotoinys gapperi, and Lepus a. phaeonotus. 
Other species which occur here regularly are Rana cantabrigensis, 
Bufo americanus, Dryobates v. leucomelas, Cyai^ocitta cristata, 
Zonotrichia albicollis, Bombycilla cedrorum, Sciurus h. minuesota, 
and Sorex personatus; Storeria occipitomaculata , Penthestes atrica- 
