288 
NOTES AND MEMOEANDA. 
and two or three Nudibranchs new to the locality, and many interest- 
ing forms of marine life, notably Bijpinnaria and Pluteus. The 
towing-net, on an improved principle devised by Mr. Henry Allport, 
was used successfully. 
Parasites of the Spongida. — Mr. H. J. Carter having examined all 
the specimens of sponges in the British Museum, together with those of 
Dr. Bowerbank, and with his own experience of living sponges, describes 
in the ‘ Annals of Nat. Hist.’ * those parasites which liave come under 
his observation. The description extends to sixteen pages, and is 
included under the following heads : — 
Crustaceans. 
Small Amphipod Crustaceans about yV long not uncommonly 
nestle in the surface of some sponges in oval depressions, which in the 
absence of the animal may be taken for vents. 
Crustaceans are commonly found in the cloaca, and half-way 
through its aperture in Grantia ciliata and G. compressa, especially 
towards the maturity of the gastrula, which they devour greedily. 
CiRRIPEDES. 
The Balanoid Cirripedes are perhaps the most common parasites of 
all, making use of every kind of sponge with the exception of the 
fleshy sponges (Carnosaf and the calcareous ones {Calcarea) becoming 
ultimately overgrown by the sponge, so as to form wartlike excres- 
cences, with a hole in the summit for the projection of the cirri. 
Aotinozoa, or Polyps. 
In all parts of the world sponges are more or less infested by 
polyps, chiefly on the surface, which may be single, double, concate- 
nated or grouped, isolated or aggregated, sunk to the level of the 
surface of the sponge, which they may infest without scleroderma or 
with it in the scleroderma on the surface of the sponge or pendent from 
the scleroderma, and all belong to the Zoanthidse = Palythoa, Lamour 
= Zoantha of De Blainville. 
Hydrozoa, or Hydroid Polyps. 
Extending into the deepest parts of the sponge, and in one instance 
entirely confined to the interior. 
Algoid Parasites. — Seaweeds. It is not an uncommon occur- 
rence in some parts of the world for a seaweed to become a pseudo- 
raorph of a sponge (to use a mineralogical term), in which the latter, 
like a “ dissolving view,” may be observed, though different specimens, 
to yield gradually to the former, so that at last the seaweed not only 
assumes the shape of the sponge generally, but that of the form and 
position of the vents and every other part of the sponge, saving the 
spicules or foreign bodies of a like nature, which thus are often the 
only remaining evidence of the land of sponge that has been pseudo- 
niori)hosed. 
* ‘Ann. Nat. Hist.,’ scr. v, vol. ii. p. 157. 
