ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
161 
passivity, a conclusion analogous to that maintained by Geddos and 
Thomson in their book entitled ‘ The Evolution of Sex/ of which, how- 
ever, the author does not appear to bo aware. The author discusses 
primary and secondary sexual characters, the determination of sex, the 
appearance of sexual dimorphism, embryonic hermaphroditism, partheno- 
genesis, polar bodies, the import of fertilization, consanguinity in pairing, 
and heredity. 
Movements of Plants and Animals.* — Herr C. Bay communicates 
some historical notes, more interesting than important, in regard to 
interpretations of movements in plants and animals. F. 0. Sibbern 
(1819-43), Eschricht (1845), Pfliiger, Panum, Johannsen, are re- 
ferred to. 
Classification of Animals.!— Prof. J. von Kennel thinks that we 
must forego the division of the Animal Kingdom into phyla, and speak 
of “ classes ” or “ cycles ” ; of these he recognizes seventeen — 1. Proto- 
zoa. 2. Spongiae. 3. Coelentera. 4. Echinoderma. 5. Plathelminthes. 
6. Nemathelminthes. 7. Rhynchelminthes. 8. Nemertini. 9. Rotatoria. 
10. Bryozoa. 11. Mollusca. 12. Brachiopoda. 13. Tunicata. 14. 
Annelides. 15. Branchiata. 16. Tracheata. 17. Yertebrata. 
These may be arranged thus : — 
I. Protozoa. 
f Spongiae. 
< Coelentera. 
[ Echinoderma. 
In 2. Bilateralia, two alternative groupings are given : — 
II. Metazoa. 
1. Radiata. 
h. 
Insegmentata. 
Plathelminthes. 
N emathelminthes. 
Rhyn chelminthes. 
Nemertini. 
Rotatoria. 
Bryozoa. 
Mollusca. 
Segmentata. 
Brachiopoda ? 
Tunicata ? 
Annelides. 
Branchiata. 
Tracheata. 
Y ertebrata. 
or a. 
b. 
Animaux a ‘ gastrula.’ ” 
Plathelminthes. 
N emathelminthes. 
Rhynchelminthes. 
Nemertini. 
“ Animaux a c trocho- 
sphaera.’ ” 
a. Insegmentata. 
Rotatoria. 
Bryozoa. 
Mollusca. 
j3. Segmentata. 
Brachiopoda ? 
Tunicata ? 
Annelides. 
Branchiata. 
Tracheata. 
Yertebrata. 
Classification of Animal Variations.! — Prof. A. Brandt gives, which 
no one has yet offered, a synoptic classification of Animal Variations. 
These may be I. Spontaneous, when they are (a) strictly individual 
(/3) proper to the vital cycle, (y) proper to the sex, (8) proper to future 
* Biol. Centralbl., xiii. (1893) pp. 37-8. 
t Congres Internat. Zoologie, II. i. (1892) pp. 68-72. 
X Tom. cit., pp. 66 and 7. 
