ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
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nests from the simple “ monrecia,” through “ orthoecia,” “ dondroecia,” 
“ eleutheroecia,” and “ trogloecia,” to “ melisscecia.” Then follow interest- 
ing observations on individual species, a mine of information on nests, 
cocoons, nutrition, and reproduction. He finds hints as to the evolution 
of wasp colonization and architecture in Odynerus and Holopus , while 
Halictus is not less significant in relation to bees. The three primary 
conditions of colonial life are — (1) a space which will shelter a large 
number, (2) a close approximation of the cells which the mother makes, 
and (3) that the first offspring are hatched while the mother is still 
occupied with the youngest. The difference between the life of wasps 
and bees depends fundamentally on the difference of nutrition. This 
is ingeniously followed out. Herr Verlioeff also describes the different 
kinds of cocoon, the different ways in which the cells are closed, and 
the various enemies of the wasps and bees. This paper, like others by 
the same author, is full of interest to the general biologist. 
Sounds made by Ants.* * * § — Herr E. Wasmann notes that further 
evidence is forthcoming in regard to the powers ants have of producing 
sounds. This evidence increases the probability that they also hear. 
He quotes from R. Wroughtonf in regard to the “hissing” of Cremato- 
gaster Bogenhoferi, believed, but not proved, to be due to individual 
stridulation. Mr. Wroughton quotes from Mr. Aitken : “ The roar raised 
by a squadron of Lobopelta, if you poke at them with a straw, does not 
require to be listened for with your hand to your ear!” Wasmann has 
confirmed Forel’s observation as to the “ alarm-signal ” made by Campo- 
notus ligniperdus. He points out that this may be felt rather than 
heard by the ants. A slight chirping noise made by an excited crowd 
of Myrmica ruginodis in a glass vessel seemed to be due to a violent 
movement of the abdomen. The author also directs attention to the 
stridulation of Myrmica ruginodis observed by Mr. A. H. Swinton.| 
Tibia 1 Auditory Apparatus of Locustidae.§ — Herr N. von Adelung 
has studied this in Locusta viridissima L., Decticus verrucivorus L., 
D. griseus Fabr., Thamnotrizon apterus Fabr., and Meconema varium 
Fabr. On each side of the tibia lies a tympanum, usually covered by a 
duplicature of the integument, which narrows the communication v/ith 
the outer world to a cleft. Internally there is an auditory ridge ( crista 
acustica of Hensen), a supra-tympanal organ, and a specially differentiated 
proximal part of the auditory ridge which the author calls the inter- 
mediate organ ( Zwischenorgan ). Each part has its nerve-endings, which 
are described; a distinct nerve supplies one group of the terminal 
tubules of the supra-tympanal organ, another supplies a second group 
of the terminal tubules of the supra-tympanal organ, and the terminal 
organs of the crista and its proximal differentiation. Each end organ 
encloses distally a conical Gehorstift which forms the proper nerve- 
ending. The minute structure of the crista and the “intermediate 
organ ” is described, but without the figures the complex histology can 
scarcely be understood. It is interesting to notice that the author 
* Biol. Centralbl., xiii. (1893) pp. 39-40. 
t Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. i?oc., 1892, p. 15. 
X Entomol. Mon. Mag., xiv. (1878-9) p. 187. 
§ Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zool., liv. (1892) pp. 316-49 (2 pis., 1 fig.). 
