322 
SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO 
e. g. wings of Metabola, legs of Insects with apodal larvae, and sometimes 
for tlie growth and transformation of organs already existing. 
(9) Of the hypodermic envelope which encloses the bud, part persists 
and is regenerated, while part becomes useless and is detached. 
(10) The part which persists serves at first to attach the developing 
appendage to the hypodermis of the larva, and, later on, regenerates 
more or less completely part of the integument. It is in this way that 
the hypodermis of the thorax is partly, and that of the head almost 
entirely, replaced by the imaginal epithelium which proliferates at the 
bases of the appendages. 
(11) The buds of the wings do not share in the larval ecdyses. 
(12) The network of tracheolae of the alary buds is removed with the 
internal cuticle of the large tracheae, at the time when the chrysalis- 
stage is reached. 
(13) The permanent tracheae of the wings appear as early as the 
third ecdysis, but they are not filled with air till the chrysalis-stage. 
There are eight to ten of them in each wing, and they give rise to a 
new system of tracheolae. 
( 14) It is, too, at the beginning of the chrysalis-stage that the wings, 
limbs, antennae, and gnathites take up the position which they occupy in 
the nymph. 
(15) The expansion of the wings is partly due to the afflux of blood 
into the lacunar system which is contained between their two walls, and 
partly to the pressure of the air contained in their large tracheae. 
Pupae of Heterocerous Lepidoptera.* — Dr. T. A. Chapman calls 
attention to some neglected points in the structure of the pupae of these 
Lepidoptera, at d their probable value in classification. There appear to 
be two very distinct types of pupae in the Lepidoptera Heterocera, each 
of which presents such a constant set of characters that the members of 
each group must be more closely related together than to any of the 
other group. Light is thrown on the true relationships of the Macro- 
lepidoptera, while the Pterophorids are shown to be unrelated either to 
Pyraloids or Alucitids ; hints are given as to the division of the group 
Tineina. 
The author brings forward evidence of the existence of a well-marked 
maxillary palpus in sundry pupae whose imagines are without it, and 
he concludes with a tabular diagnosis of the groups of the Lepidoptera 
Heterocera. 
Pocket-like Abdominal Appendages of Female Acrseidae.f — Herr 
A. F. Rogenhofer describes the variable form of these interesting 
appendages, which several entomologists have noticed. They have to 
do with copulation, and probably fall off after oviposition. In the 
African species they are most like the separable pockets of Parnassii; 
in American forms they are simpler conical solid processes. 
Habits of Trxgona.J — Mr. J. H. Hart gives an account of some 
observations on a species of “ wild bee ” common in Trinidad. If 
put in a box they make it practically air-tight, and then form a 
* Trans. Entomol. Soc Lond., 1893, pp. 97-119. 
t Verb. K. K. Zool. Bot. Gesell., xlii. (1893) pp. 579-81. 
X Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xi. (1893) pp. 327-9. 
