ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
351 
extent in evergreen alpine plants. The structure of the mesophyll is 
governed rather by the conditions of assimilation than of transpiration. 
A few cfespitose alpine plants display a strong development of the 
mechanical system. 
Leaves developed in the Sun and in the Shade.* — M. L. Geneau 
de Lamarliere has carried on a series of experiments on the difference in 
leaves produced in the sun and in the shade, other conditions of soil, 
light, moisture, &c., being the same. The plants operated upon were 
Mirabilis Jalapa , Berberis vulgaris , Weigelia rosea, Salix rosmarinifolia, 
Quercus pedunculata, Fagus sylvatica , Taxus baccata. As a summary of 
the results, it is stated that all the vital functions are carried on more 
energetically in those leaves which are produced in the sun. They 
transpire more abundantly than those produced in the shade, and con- 
tain relatively less water ; but the circulation is more rapid, and they 
receive a larger quantity of nutritive substances which are elaborated in 
the leaves. They are thicker, and carry on a more active respiration ; 
and, since they contain a larger quantity of chlorophyll, their assimila- 
tion is also more active, and they fix a larger quantity of carbon. 
Lianes.l — Herr H. Schenck gives a detailed description of the 
anatomy of lianes, and of the contrivances which assist them in 
climbing, especially those of Brazil. He classifies them under four 
groups : — (1) Those which climb by means of sensitive and nutating ten- 
drils (Cucurbitacese, Passifloraceee, &c.) ; (2) climbing plants (including 
Lygodium ) ; (3) root-climbers (ivy) ; (4) spreading-climbers ( Spreiz - 
Tclimmer ), with long spreading branches, often provided with thorns or 
prickles, such as some palms. Of these, the first group, which are 
much the most highly developed, are treated in the greatest detail. The 
sensitive climbing organs may be either caulomes or phyllomes. In the 
latter either the blade, the apex, or the pedicel of the leaf may be adapted 
for climbing purposes. The former are again classified under several 
subdivisions, according to the morphological character of the axial 
climbing organ. A large number of illustrations are given of climbing 
plants belonging to each group, all those in any natural order being found, 
as a rule, in the same group. The anatomical structure of the climbing 
organ, as well as the physiological details, are minutely described. 
Flora of the Indo-malayan Coasts.;*; — Herr A. F. W. Schimper 
classifies the Indo-malayan marine flora under four heads, viz. (1) The 
mangrove, (2) the Nipa, (3) the Barringtonia , and (4) the Pescaprse 
formation. The mangrove formation consists of species of Rhizo- 
phoraceae belonging to the genera Bhizophora, Geriops, Kandelia , and 
Bruguiera ; also of Carapa moluccensis , Lumnitzera coccmea, JEgiceras 
magus , Avicennia tomentosa and officinalis, and Acanthus ilicifolius. It is 
characterized by horizontal roots, often of enormous length, which often 
put out prop-roots serving to fix the tree in the very soft soil. The Nipa 
* Rev. Ge'n. de Bot. (Bonnier), iv. (1892) pp. 481-96, 529-44 (1 pi.). Cf this 
Journal, 1892, p. 823. 
t 4 Beitr. z. Biol. u. Anat. d. Lianen,’ Jena, 1892, xv. and 253 pp. and 7 pis. See 
Bot. Centralbl., liii. (1892) p. 253. 
X ‘Die Indo-malayische Strandflora,’ Jena, 1891, 204 pp., 7 pis., 7 figs., and 
1 map. See Bot. Centralbl., liii. (1893) p. 53. 
