ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 353 
at first of a single nucleated cell, which divides into four, but three of 
these disappear. 
The author gives the following as the main differences between his 
own observations and those of Strasburger on Senecio. The antipodal 
cells occur in no regular order, and were never found arranged in a 
single longitudinal row. No more than four antipodal cells could be 
discovered, always naked and unseptated. The oosphere does not occupy 
the whole diameter of the embryo-sac. The nuclei of the cells com- 
posing the egg- apparatus seemed always to occupy a nearly central 
position. Vacuoles were seldom seen in the synergids. 
Proterandry and Proterogyny.* — Mr. T. Meehan explains the phe- 
nomenon of dichogamy as the result of the law that stamens are called 
into active growth under a much lower or less enduring warm tem- 
perature than pistils. Of the two nearly allied species Barbarea vulgaris 
and B. prsecox , the former is proterogynous, the latter proterandrous. 
The former flowers regularly about the first week in May (in Penn- 
sylvania), the latter is very variable in its time of flowering, according to 
the season, and has probably acquired the proterandrous condition from 
occasionally flowering very early. B. vulgaris appears also to be habitually 
cross-pollinated by honey-bees, while B. prsecox is certainly usually 
self-pollinated. 
Pistillody of Male Catkins of Hazel.f — Herr L. Wehrli describes a 
case in which all the male catkins on a hazel-bush were converted into 
catkins of female flowers. Morphologically the flowers resembled the 
male rather than the female flowers, except in the substitution of female 
for male organs. They contained no ovules. The peculiarity was con- 
stant in successive years. 
An example of hermaphrodite flowers on the hazel is also recorded 
by Mr. C. A. Newdigate.f 
(2) Nutrition and Growth (including- Germination, and Movements 
of Fluids). 
Distribution of the Seed in Claytonia.§ — Mr. J. C. Willis describes 
the mode by which the ripe seeds of Glaytonia alsinoides are ejected 
from the capsule. They are pressed tightly against one another by 
the sides of the valves of the capsule moving inwards as they become 
dry after dehiscence, and are then forced out violently in succession by 
the continued pressure. 
Exotrophy.|| — Prof. J. Wiesner gives examples of the law termed 
by him ex otrophy, by which the organ on a lateral shoot which is on the 
opposite side to the mother-shoot is most strongly developed. In many 
cases anisophylly is entirely due to exotrophy, and is altogether inde- 
pendent of geotropism. The phenomenon is very frequently displayed 
in flower- or fruit-bearing shoots, e. g. the umbels of many Umbel- 
liferse ( Heracleum Sphondylium ), the cymes of Sanibucus nigra , the 
* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1892, pp. 169-71. 
t Flora, lxxvi. (1892) Erganzungsband, pp. 245-64 (3 figs.), 
j Journ. of Bot., xxxi. (1893) p. 153. 
§ Ann. Bot., vi. (1892) pp. 382-3 (3 figs.). 
|| Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., x. (1892) pp. 552-61 (2 figs.). 
ante , p. 66. 
1893. 
Cf. this Journal, 
2 B 
