ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
301 
North African Galls.* — Dr. P. Marchal gives an account of eleven 
galls, new as regards tlieir substratum, found on Quercus MirbecJci, 
and due to Biorhiza terminalis, various species of Cynips , and other 
forms. Various cecidomyid galls on Quercus cocciferci and Atriplex 
halimus are described, and others due to Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and 
Phytoptidae. 
Life-History of (Estrid Larvee.j — Prof. Schneidemiihl discusses in 
particular the life-history of Hypoderma ( (Estrus ) bovis, which is still in 
some respects puzzling. His general conclusions are that the ova, or in 
some cases the larvae, are licked up by the cattle, partly from the skin, 
partly with the fodder from the ground ; that the larvae pass from the 
pharynx into the submucosa connective tissue of the oesophagus ; that 
they creep in this tissue into the vicinity of the diaphragm, where they 
bore through the wall of the oesophagus, and thence pass to the skin 
often, but not necessarily, via the vertebral column and neural canal. 
Casting and Regeneration of Mid-Gut Epithelium in Water- 
Beetles.;!: — Dr. C. Rengel describes the minute structure of the mid-gut 
in Hydrophilus piceus, supplementing what has been done by Frenzel, 
Vangel, and Bizzozero, and describes the periodic casting and re-growth 
of the whole mid-gut epithelium, with especial reference to the muscular 
mechanism. The same process occurs in Hydrous caraboidcs, Hydrobius 
fuscipes , and in some Lamellicorns. 
Studies on Plecoptera.§ — Dr. P. Kempny gives an account of the 
structure and life of those Plecoptera which are included in the genus 
Nemura Latr., and describes the palaearctic species. 
Studies on Termites. || — Herr E. Wasmann discusses ten Madagascar 
species, all new. He discusses the classification of the family, and the 
taxonomic value of the soldiers. Hagen’s four genera — Hodotermes, 
Termopsis, Calotermes , and Termes — are recognised, the last being divided 
into ten sub-genera. The mouth-parts of the soldiers are compared with 
those of the other forms ; — thus it is noted that while the mandibles of 
the soldiers are almost always stronger than in the workers and imagines, 
the opposite is true in Eutermes, where the soldier’s mandibles are 
microscopic. The so-called “tongue” of Termites is shown to be 
formed from a coalescence of the paraglossae. On the whole the mouth- 
parts suggest affinities with Orthoptera. 
Parasites of Pears.lf — Dr. G. Del Guercio describes three parasites 
of pear-fruits, discussing their life-history and injurious effects, aud the 
preventive methods. The parasites are the Tenthredinid Hoplocampa 
brevis Klug., the Tortricid Garpocapsa pomonella L., and the Cecidomyid 
Diplosis pirivora Ril. 
£. IMCyriopoda. 
Morphological Notes on Diplopoda.** — Dr. F. Silvestri notes that 
in Lysiopetalum foetidissimum, and probably in other species, the second 
* Mem. Soc. Zool. France, x. (1897) pp. 5-25 (1 pi.). 
t Centralbl. Bakt< u. Par., xxii. (1897) pp. 752-60. ' 
% Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., lxiii. (1898) pp. 440-55 (1 pi.). 
§ Yer. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, xlviii. (1898) pp. 37-68 (1 pi. and 16 figs.). 
|| Abh. Senckenberg. Nat. Gesell., xxi. (1897) pp. 137-82 (2 pis.). 
Bull. Soc. Entom. Ital., xxix. (1897) pp. 1-25 (1 pi.). 
** Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend., vii. (i898) pp. 52-7 (6 figs.). 
