457 
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
thallino gonidiis instrueto, infra hypothecium gonidiis nullis, sporis 
decoloribus quadrilocularibus ; soredia nulla. For one of tlie new 
genera previously described, Dictyographa, the name DarbishireUa is 
substituted. The author proposes the term parathecium , instead of peri- 
thecium, for the “pars marginalia excipuli,” the elevated portion of the 
hypothecium on each side of the “ thecium ” or hymenium. 
Saccharomyces guttulatus.* — Dr. A. Wilhelmi gives the following 
description of Saccliaromyces guttulatus Busc. The cells are elliptical 
to oval, with rounded ends, 6-16 /x long and 2-4 /x broad. Viewed by 
transmitted light their colour is pale grey. Tho nucleus is round, and 
about 1 /x in diameter. The addition of iodine demonstrates the presence 
of glycogen in considerable quantity. Under adverse nutritive con- 
ditions, two to four highly refracting vacuoles appear. Sprouting 
begins with division of the protoplasm, and this is soon followed by 
immigration of the daughter-nucleus. When the nutritive conditions 
are favourable there is early separation of the buds ; when unfavourable, 
shrub-like colonies are formed. In spore-formation the nucleus divides 
into 2-4 daughter-nuclei, around each of which protoplasm is deposited, 
and the young spore becomes invested with a definite membrane. If 
the material be dried the mother-cells burst. When the spores germi- 
nate, they swell, the spore-membrane ruptures, and the germ grows 
out. Germination and growth are possible only in the presence of 
1*25-5 per cent, hydrochloric acid and 10 per cent, grape sugar, and at 
a temperature of 37° C. S. guttulatus occurs normally only in the 
stomach and intestine of rabbits, but is occasionally met with in guinea- 
pigs. 
Micro-organisms of the Fermentation-Industry. | — M. A. Jorgensen 
has quite recently published the fourth edition of his well-known work 
on fermentation organisms. The present volume has been enlarged and 
thoroughly revised. While the general features of the previous editions 
are adhered to in the present volume, there are numerous additions in 
respect of Saccharomyces species, and of advances in the application of 
Hansen’s method of pure cultivations, and of the fermentation of wine. 
Heliotropism in the Agaricineae.J — Herr E. C. Hansen records 
several examples of negative heliotropism in the stipe of the receptacle 
in this class of Fungi. It is by no means the case, as has been stated, 
that the expulsion of the spores takes place only by night. The 
Coprinere may be divided into three categories, — those in which the 
spores are expelled only by night (much the most common) ; those in 
which it takes place chiefly by night ( Coprinus Rostrupianus and stereo - 
ramus') ; and those in which it takes place, as a rule, by day ( C . niveus, 
Agaricus semiglobatus). The negative heliotropism is established by the 
fact (in C. stercorarius) that the spores are expelled on the side furthest 
from the source of light. 
Evolution of the Basidiomycetes.§ — Mr. G. Massee regards the 
Basidiomycetes, and among them the Agaricinae, as the most modern 
* Centralbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2 te Abt., iv. (1898) pp. 305-9, 353-61, 412-7 (8 figs.). 
t Berlin, 1898, 349 pp. See Bot. Ztg., lvi. (1898) 2 te Abth., p. 122. 
X Biol. Gesell. Kjdbenhavn, 1897, p. 1109. See Bot. Centralbl., Ixxiv. (1898) 
p. 114. § Journ. Quekett Micr. Club, vii. (1898) pp. 1-9. 
