ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
77 
algal nature of which is very doubtful, belong the greater number of 
palaeozoic forms, such as Crossochorda , Cruziana , and Harlania, and 
possibly also Spirophyton and Alectorurus ; in the mesozoic strata, 
Helminthopsis, Gyrochorte , and Gylindrites , from the Lias ; from the tertiary 
strata, Helminthoidea , Palseodictyon, and Miinsteria from the alpine Flysch. 
The second category, which he regards as comprised of true fossils, includes 
Chondrites and Theobaldia, and probably also Discophorites and Gyro- 
phyllites from the Jurassic, Taonurus and Nulliporites from palaeozoic 
strata ; Chondrites , Taonurus , Caulerpa , Sphserococcites , Discophorites , 
and Gyrophyllites from the chalk ; Chondrites , Caulerpa , Tsenidium, 
Halymenites , Hormosira, Sphserococcites, Gyrophyllites , Nulliporites , Aula- 
cophycus, and Taonurus from tertiary strata. As regards the systematic 
and phylogenetic position of these algae, he considers that we have very 
little evidence. 
Fungi. 
Carbohydrates in Fungi.* * * § — M. E. Bourquelot gives a resume of the 
results of his analyses of the genus Lactarius. Mannite, volemite, 
trehalose, and glucose were the hydrocarbons found ; the proportion, 
however, of these varies from' one species to another, and even from one 
year to another in the same species. 
New TJstilaginese.t — In a general summary of the UstilaginesB of 
Denmark, comprising 47 species, Herr E. Rostrup describes the following 
as new : — Entyloma Ossifragi, parasitic on Narthecium ossifragum, E. 
catenulatum on Air a csespitosa , Ustilago Pinguiculse on Pinguicula vulgaris , 
Tuberculina maxima on Peridermium Klebahni, itself parasitic on Pinus 
Strobus. 
Dissociation of a Lichen.} — Sig. U. Martelli records the natural 
dissociation of a lichen, a variety of Lecanora subfusca, into its con- 
stituent algal and fimgal elements. The central portion of the patches, 
which were growing on an old wall, were of a deep green colour, caused 
by large masses of Protococcus viridis ; while the periphery consisted of 
nearly colourless mycelial filaments. The cause of this dissociation 
appears to be excessive humidity, which prevents the fungus putting 
out its “ crampons ” or short filaments which take up the gonids. 
Bouquet of Fermented Liquors.§ — The opinion long ago expressed 
by M. Pasteur that the flavour and special qualities of certain wines are 
due to their particular ferment, finds support from the fact recorded 
by M. G. Jacquemin, who, in endeavouring to impart flavour to barley 
wine by making it from wort leavened with the special ferments of 
wines of delicate flavour, found that the sugar- water in w r hich the fer- 
ment was kept obtained the exact flavour of the various wines used, such 
as Champagne or Burgundy. He also imparted the flavour of apples 
and pears by using their ferments in barley wort. 
* Bull. Soc. Mycol., v. See Rev. Mycol., xii. (1890) p. 192. Cf. this Journal, 
1890, p. 644. 
t ‘ Ustilaginese Danise,’ Kjobenbavn, 1890, 52 pp. See Bot. Centralbl., xliii. 
(1890) p. 388. X Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital., xxii. (1890) pp. 450-1. 
§ Comptus Rendus, cx. (1890) pp. 1140-2. 
