ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
199 
rative activity of these animals appears to be connected with the formative 
capacity of the parenchyma. 
The author proceeds to some general remarks on division and bud- 
ding in the Animal Kingdom. He draws a sharp distinction between 
the two processes, and comes to the conclusion that asexual reproductions 
in different phyla of Animals have arisen independently of one another. 
Helminthological Studies.* — Prof. M. Braun has a notice of some 
recent work on parasites done under his direction. Herr C. Dieckhoff has 
investigated the ectoparasitic Trematodes ; he finds the vitello-intestinal 
canal in Octobothrium merlangi , 0 . lanceolatum , and Axine belones. The 
canal appears to be wanting in the Tristomese and in the Temnocephala. 
Herr F. Matz has investigated the Bothriocephalidse with the object 
of finding in the topographical relations of the generative apparatus 
better means for discriminating the species than we have had hitherto. 
A series of specific differences have, as was expected, been discovered ; 
the generative orifices are ventral or marginal ; differences, though not 
very considerable, have been seen in the number and size of the testi- 
cular vesicles, and there are some points in the vitelline follicles. The 
number of uterine loops may he greater or less than in Bothriocephalus 
laius. 
The Genus Vallisia.f — Sigg. C. Parona and A. Perugia described as 
a new genus of Trematode, under the title Vallisia striata , an ecto- 
parasite on the gills of Lichia amia ; the body consisted of two parts 
in different planes, and was covered with fine transverse strias ; there 
were two minute ventral and eight caudal suckers. But Dr. P. Sonsino 
has denied the validity of this new genus, and described the same worm 
under the title Odocotyle arenata sp. n. Parona and Perugia vindicate 
the claims of their genus. 
Morphology of Cestoda. :£ — Dr. T. Pintner first discusses the vexed 
question of the act of fertilization in the Cestoda. He has been so 
fortunate as to have found in a Mustela laevis two free proglottids of an 
Anthobothrium Musteli which appeared to be in copula. These two 
joints, which seemed to be of much the same age, showed no signs of 
any separation-wound; the uterus was full of eggs, though not over- 
crowded by them. Both joints had their anterior ends pointing in the 
same direction, but the ventral face of one ring looked in the same 
way as the dorsal face of the other. It is very possible that their long 
axes slightly crossed one another. There was true cross-fertilization, 
for the penis of one individual was fixed in the vagina of the other ; each 
reached only so far as the point where the vagina begins to narrow, but 
as this is not always the case, the author supposes that copulation was 
nearly finished when the preparation was fixed. The penis is able to 
extend itself into a retort-form, and to considerably alter its diameter. 
This fortunate accident makes it certain that typical cross-fertiliza- 
tion of the kind that is seen in Snails obtains in the Cestoda ; it would 
hardly seem to be a hasty generalization that this is the rule in all 
* Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., ix. (1890 [1]) pp. 52-6. 
t Zool. Anzeig,, xiv. (1891) pp. 17-9. 
X Arbeit. Zool. Inst. Wien, ix. (1890) pp. 57-84 (2 pis.). 
