230 
SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO 
its tecidio-form P. Cornui on the stems and branches of Finns syloestris, 
and C. ribicola on the leaves of species of Piles, with its aecidio-form on 
the stems and branches of P. Strobus ; Trametes radiciperda , one of the 
most destructive parasites on pines and beeches ; Peziza calycina, a 
saprophyte, and apparently not injurious ; Lopliodermium Abietis sp. n., 
on Pinus excelsa ; Nectria ditissima, one of the most destructive parasites 
on beeches, ashes, and apple-trees ; Nectria cucurbitula on pines ; N. cinna- 
barina , a destructive parasite on limes, sycamores, maples, horse-chestnuts, 
and hawthorns ; Fossellinia quercina on ashes, beeches, and maples ; Herpo- 
trichia parasitica ( Trichosphseria parasitica) on Pinus excelsa; Crypto- 
spora suffusa on alders ; Pestalozzia Hartigii on seedling conifers and 
beeches ; Phoma pithya (P. abietina) on Pinus Douglasii and Abies 
excelsa. 
Development of the Hypogsei.* — Dr. E. Hesse completes his ac- 
count of the development of the fructification of the Tuberaceae, 
Elaphomycetes, and Hymenogastrese, out of “ s warmers.” Both the 
envelope (peridium) and glebe are formed out of minute motile bodies, 
which gradually come to rest and become agglomerated into smaller or 
larger colonies, the septated hyphae round which they group themselves 
being probably derived from similar elements. The so-called rhizines, 
and all other hypha-like structures which spring from the older peridia, 
are always formed by the union into chains of similar motile bodies. 
The “ swarmers,” of which glebe and peridium are alike composed, can 
be readily isolated by pressing in water ; but can only be detected by 
an amplification of 1000 or more ; the author believes them to be pro- 
vided with a cilium at each extremity. The asci are also formed out of 
structures endowed with an amoeboid motion which result from the 
conjugation of bodies of the same kind ; they are not formed from the 
so-called “ ascogenous hyphae,” but become attached to these hyphae 
after their formation, and subsequently increase in size at the expense 
of the paraphyses which surround them. The real mode in which the 
spores are formed will be described in a future monograph of the order. 
Classification of Lichens. t — In his monograph of the Lichens of 
Brazil, M. E. Wainio describes a number of new genera, and as many 
as 240 new species. He considers all the systems of classification of 
Lichens at present proposed to be founded on uncertain characters, 
especially that of the stromatic structure of the exciple ; and regards 
the nature of the gonids as the character of the greatest importance in 
the establishment of primary groups ; while the paraphyses afford 
excellent characters for the discrimination of genera and species. 
M. Wainio divides Lichens first of all into Discolichenes corresponding 
to the Discomycetes, and Pyrenolichenes corresponding to the Pyreno- 
mycetes, the former of these being again divided into Cyclocarpeae, 
Graphideae, and Coniocarpeae. 
Preparing Wine-Ferments4 — M. A. Eommier prepares his wine- 
ferments in the following manner. Grapes carefully chosen are crushed 
* Bot. Centralbl., xliv. (1890) pp. 308-15, 341-51 (2 pis. and 2 figs.). Cf. this 
Journal, 1890, p. 649. 
f Acta Soc. pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, vii. (1890). See Morot’s Journ. de 
Bot., iv. (1890), Bull. Bibl., p. xcv. J Comptes Rendus, cx. (1890) pp. 1341-3. 
