ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 383 
physes, above by a dome-shaped gelatinous mass. There is no pseudc- 
parenchymatous cortex. Otherwise it resembles Ascophanus. 
Nectria phycophila sp. n. ( Hypheothrix Zenkeri Ktz.) ; Endomyces 
Scytonematum sp. n. ( Ephebella Hegetschweileri Ktz.). 
There is in fact no sharp demarcation between ordinary fungi and 
those which form lichens. 
Calcareous Lichens.* — From an examination of exceedingly thin 
sections of Verrucaria calciseda , Herr E. Bachmann has satisfied 
himself that, contrary to the view of Zukal, the lime is not a product 
of excretion of the hyphae of the lichen ; but that both the hyphse and 
the gonids are imbedded in hollows in the calcareous crystals, the 
principal part of the thallus penetrating the calcareous substratum to 
a depth of several millimetres. Similar results were obtained with other 
calcareous lichens. 
Reserve-Receptacles in Lichens.f — Herr J. M. Hulth describes 
several examples of the occurrence of the reserve-receptacles in cal- 
careous lichens, termed by Zukal “ spheroid-cells.” They contain a fatty 
oil ; and that this is used up in the further development of the lichen is 
shown by the fact that the cells in question are frequently found empty. 
MyriangiumJ — Hr. A. Minks has investigated the structure of 
this genus, which was erected by Nylander into an independent family 
of Lichens of primary importance, but has generally been placed under 
the Collemacei. Hr. Minks regards it as coming under his class of 
Pseudo-Ascomycetes. The ascus closely resembles that of Arthonia. 
Pathogenic Species of Taphrina.§— Herr R. Sadebeck enumerates 
thirty-five species of Taphrina , five of them new, which cause injury to 
the plants on which they grow, these being almost invariably woody 
plants. Under the genus Taphrina (the older Exoascus ), Sadebeck in- 
cludes all those parasitic Ascomycetes in which the asci are not united 
into a fructification, but are distinct, often in great numbers, densely 
covering the leaves or flowers, and originating from a mycele which 
penetrates between the cells or beneath the cuticle of the tissue of the 
part attacked, but never piercing the cells themselves. 
Distribution of Saccharomyces apiculatus.|| — From a fresh series 
of experiments, the details of which are given in full, Herr E. C. 
Hansen confirms his previous conclusions that this well-defined form of 
Saccharomyces propagates itself chiefly on ripe and succulent fruits, and 
not in the nectaries of flowers nor in the excrements of animals. The 
cells can retain their vitality in the soil for a period of at least three 
years. 
The author expresses the opinion that the cycle of S. apiculatus may 
be taken as typical for most of the Saccharomyces. Pasteur, however, 
* Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., viii. (1890) pp. 141-4 (1 pi.). 
t Naturv. Studentsallsk. Upsala, March 7, 1889. See Bot. Centralbl., xlv. (1891) 
pp. 209 and 269. 
X Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell., viii. (1890) pp. 243-50. 
§ Arbeit. Bot. Mus. Hamburg, 1890, 37 pp. and 5 pis. See Bot. Centralbl., 1891, 
Beih. 1, p. 75. Cf. this Journal, 1889, p. GfrO. 
|| Ann. Sci. Nat. (Bot.), xi. (1890) pp. 185-92. Cf. this Journal, 1882, p. 234. 
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