NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK 11 
other refuse which indicate the merging of the current with 
the quiet deadwaters of the lake. Thence downward it is 
a typical dead water creek, winding through intervales and 
open marshes, and displaying may old coal workings on its 
occasional upland banks; and thus it continues down to 
the narrows where two bridges cross, marking the boundary 
between Coal Creek and Grand Lake. 
Obviously the name “Creek” was applied originally to the 
lower three miles of its course, where the word is perfectly 
appropriate. Extended to the whole stream, however, it is a 
marked misnomer, quite unsuitable to its swift current, deep 
valley and stony cliffs. The name Coal Stream would hav e 
been much better. 
As to the probable physiographic origin of Coal Creek, 
that seems sufficiently clear. The parallelism of the valley 
with the Salmon and Gaspereau Rivers, the great size of the 
valley in comparison w r ith the present stream, and the strongly 
re-entrant direction of its principal branches, all units to 
indicate that it is an important member of the series of 
parallel Northumbrian rivers described in the earlier Note No. 
93. Further, the exactness with which it lines up with the 
Northeast Arm of Grand Lake shows clearly enough that the 
source of this valley lay on the northeast of the Lake, via 
Flowers Cove. As to its outlet in the other direction, it 
seems most likely that this lay through the upper part of 
Lake Stream and the Coal Branch of Richibucto, and perhaps 
the Chockpish, as mentioned in the preceding Note. These 
streams together, therefore, would occupy are of the North- 
umbrian valleys. 
A very interesting point in the physiographic relations of 
Coal Creek to the Washademoak waters concerns the elevated 
ridges between them. Thus Pangburn Ridge, shown on the 
map accompanying the next Note, can be traced, so I am told, 
for a long distance northeast and southwest in a low exten- 
sion. It must have some definite relations with the Devonian 
area on Coal Creek, and with the “Cumberland Mountains, ,r 
southeast of Cumberland Creek, — a matter, to be investigated. 
