NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 13 
it is nevertheless badly represented on all of the French maps, 
where it is confused more or less with Salmon River, for a 
reason which also will be noted in the Supplement. The 
earlier English maps -have it not much better, and it is not 
until Bonnor’s Map of New Brunswick of 1820 that it is 
even tolerably laid down, while Wilkinson gave it, on his 
fine Map of New Brunswick of 1859, a representation well 
nigh as complete as that on our present maps and much 
better in detail. It has never been surveyed as a whole, and 
our maps are all pieced out from various surveys made in 
connection with settlements or timber berths. The lower 
part of the river was settled by expansion of Loyalist settlers 
and their descendants from the Lake, while its middle part 
between the North Fork and Nevers Brook, was before 1800 
taken up by descendants of Loyalists, who, attracted by 
the rich intervales there, established the New r Canaan settle- 
ment from which the river took its name, now abbreviated 
to Canaan. These settlements are described in the Trans- 
actions of the Royal Society of Canada , X, 1904, ii, 57, 118, 
142, 154. Above Nevers Brook the river is wilderness to the 
crossing of the Intercolonial, — one of the many parts of New 
Brunswick still reserved to the lumberman and sportsman. 
The river does not figure largely in published records. 
Its lower part (apparently not above Riders Brook) w r as 
visited and described, correctly as to its geology, by Gesner, 
as recorded in his Third Report , 1841, 59. Later it was 
examined up to the Canaan Settlements (though apparently 
not above) by Professor Bailey and Mr. Matthew and Mr. 
Ells as recorded on their Report for 1872-3 and with 
results embodied on the geological map. Isolated refer- 
ence also occur in Reports by Dr. Chalmers, notably 
that for 1890, N, as may be traced through the Indexes 
to the Geological Reports, while some information is 
contained on his surface geology map. Brief but interest- 
ing references to the headwaters of the river occur in an 
Emigration report by Lieut.- Col. Cockburn for 1827 ( British 
Blue Book , of 1828, pages 45, 46), while Sir James Alexander 
