NATURAL HISTORY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 
others. This offlying ridge of harder rocks of the South- 
ern Highlands (the one cut by the Washademoak and the 
lower North Fork) is not the only one of that series, however, 
for others appear on Coal Creek, probably in the prominent 
Cumberland Mountains, and in other high land in that vicinity. 
Taken collectively these offlying parallel ridges form a marked 
extension or bulge of the Southern Highlands, centering in a 
line running northwest from the sources of Riders Brook 
across the head of Grand Lake. This bulge of the Southern 
Highlands I take it, formed once a minor watershed, and on 
this the Nevers-Canaan valley headed. Had this bulge of 
the Southern Highlands not existed, the Washademoak, no 
doubt, would have had as straight and homogeneous a course 
across country as Salmon River, and its irregularities are 
chiefly due to the presence of that bulge. The Washademoak, 
therefore, is primarily one of the Northumbrian Rivers, 
complicated in its details by the presence and extension of the 
Southern Highlands. 
Supplement to Note 131. — The Ancient Indian Portages 
from the Washademoak to Adjacent Waters. 
These were three in number. 
(a). — The Indian Portage from the Washademoak to the 
Buctouche. This, although obviously a minor route of 
aboriginal travel, had yet some importance, as shown by the 
references given in the Transactions of The Royal Society 
of Canada , V, 1899, ii, 248 and XII, 1906, ii, 92, to which 
should be added an interesting item in the 10th Report of 
the U. S. Bureau of Ethnology , 334. Like others of the portages 
in the settled parts of the Province, it has long been abandon- 
ed ; and its exact location will soon be lost beyond discovery 
unless recovered at once and fixed, as it should be, for future 
historical use. Its general location is shown on a map in 
the Crown Land Office made by the Surveyor Layton in 1831, 
and reproduced in the Transactions , XII, above mentioned; 
but unfortunately it is only a sketch, not from survey, and 
is not helpful as to the exact location of the portage path on 
the ground. On my first visit to this vicinity in 1912 I could 
not investigate the question, but I made a special visit to 
