BULLETIN OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 
66 
Abundant remains of their predecessors of the Neolithic 
or polished stone age were known, and these compare very 
closely with those left by the native tribes of the eastern 
part of the North American continent, which thus would seem 
to have been in the same stage of culture as these Stone-age 
men, when Europeans discovered them. 
But artifects found in Europe and elsewhere show 
that races of mankind occupied the great continent for an 
immensely long anterior period, and have left us remains of 
their weapons and tools, and even skeletal remains. The stone 
weapons and tools are invariably of flaked or chipped stone 
and show no trace of the grinding processes used by the 
later races of mankind. 
The work of these men of the Palaeolithic or chipped-stone 
age has been admirably summed up by Professor McCurdy of 
Harvard in his account of discoveries in Europe in the decade 
from 1900 to 1910. We now know that the discovery of human 
remains in a cave in England, covered by boulder clay to 
which I referred above is fully parallelled in antiquity by 
remains of man in interglacial deposits far up in the German 
Alps, as well as in the old river gravels of Wertemberg; 
so it would appear that man lived in Europe, not only 
at the close of the glacial age, but through a large part of 
that period, if not from its beginning. 
Perhaps the most striking examples of the culture of 
these early people are the drawings and colored pictures 
left by them on the walls of caverns in the south of France 
and north of Spain. Those of France are veritable art 
galleries and in one well known instance do not begin at 
at the mouth of the cavern but some distance in from the 
entrance, as though the artist wished to protect them from 
the hands of the despoiler. But pictographs upon the walls 
of the Spanish caves, made by the same, or a similar people, 
bring before us in a very vivid manner hunting scenes of 
that early time and show us the animals of the chase that 
fell to the weapons of these ancient hunters. A favourite 
theme with the artist of this ancient time was the European 
