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before. Foreigners and boys swarm into the country, and 
practise with their cheap firearms on all animated nature, 
from the slow-moving turtle and the frog to the farmer’s 
fowls or cattle. 
While the poor man takes the trolley car, the well-to-do or 
rich take the automobile. The automobilist, with the long- 
range, small-bore rifle, has the advantage over all the others 
in killing any creature that can be shot while stationary. 
The “ auto,” unlike the horse, will stand quietly for the 
shooter. Farmers say that shooters in “ autos ” are killing 
everything of any size within rifle range of the roads. Mr. 
C. E. Bailey says that he believes they have killed most of 
the hawks that were formerly to be seen sitting on dead trees 
along the roads of the country over which he travels. 
The gasoline launch is a potent factor in the killing or 
driving out of the ducks along our coasts and rivers. It is 
used illegally to get within range of the bay ducks, and its 
constant use in the rivers of the eastern counties frightens 
the ducks away from their former haunts. 
Telegraph, Telephone and Trolley Wires. — The wires of 
telegraph, telephone and trolley companies annually cause 
the death of hundreds if not thousands of birds, which fly 
against them in the night or even by day. I have had many 
woodcock brought to me that had been killed in this way. 
Mr. George M. Poland of Wakefield says that many wood- 
cock and rails are killed thus. Grouse are also, killed by 
these wires, and by wire fences against which they fly ; while 
the number of the smaller birds that are killed by trolley 
wires would probably be astonishing if it could be known. 
Lighthouses and electric light towers destroy thousands 
of birds, which fly against them during nocturnal migrations. 
Man also contributes to destroy and drive away birds by 
introducing creatures which molest or kill them. Witness 
the introduction of the mongoose into Jamaica and other 
islands, and the importation into this country of the domes- 
tic cat and dog, the English sparrow, the house rats and 
mice, and possibly that of the starling and pheasant. These 
will be considered under the head of natural enemies. 
Cutting off Timber and Undergrowth. — The greatly in- 
