24 Bulletin of the Natural History Society. 
ANIMALS USED FOR FOOD. 
In our operations at Bocabec a great many bones and frag- 
ments of bones of various animals were unearthed. I have not 
yet had time or opportunity to have these determined, but it is 
certain that quite a number of species are represented. The 
beaver is perhaps the most abundant, for the lower jaw and the 
femur of this animal were constantly turning up in our excava- 
tions. The leg-bones of moose and of deer or cariboo (reindeer) 
were also of frequent occurrence, but were almost invariably 
broken to pieces for the marrow. The hare, the fox and the bear 
were also indicated by teeth, jaws and limb-bones. Bones of 
birds are frequent, and represent those of wading, aquatic, and 
arboreal habit. A number of bones, which from their spongy 
texture are supposed to be those of marine animals, were found. 
Fishes are represented by remains of the cod, herring, sculpin 
and shark. 
But the remains which form by far the greatest mass in the 
kitchen-middens at Bocabec are those of shell-fish. Among these, 
pre-eminence must be given to the clam {My a arenaria), which 
makes up perhaps nine-tenths of the bulk of the molluscan refuse. 
The horse-mussel {Mytilus edulis ) and the long-whelk ( Buccinum 
undatum ) are the most numerous of the other molluscs found in 
the refuse heaps of this village. After these species may be named 
the round-whelk i K L una ^ a heros) and the small purple-shell ( Pur- 
pura lapillus ). The rock-periwinkle ( Littorina rudis ) is occasion- 
ally found, and so also is the bonnet limpet ( Crepid7ila fornicata ) ; 
but the common European periwinkle ( Littorina littorea ), now so 
common on this coast, is entirely wanting. Beside these, a single 
valve of the large scallop (. Pecten tenuistriatus ) was found. 
The sea urchin is present, but may have been introduced acci- 
dentally by crows, and not have been brought intentionally from 
the beach by the former residents of Bocabec. Other posthu- 
mous or accidental additions to the fauna are the land snails, of 
which several specimens were found at various levels in the shell 
heaps. Among the species found here, Helix alternata, Say, is by 
far the most abundant. Helix albolabris, Say, was not very com- 
mon. Several specimens of Helix hortensis , Miill., were observed, 
but this species has probably been introduced since the arrival of 
