ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
85 
nected with the structure of the mesophyll. Where the mesophyll of 
the two surfaces preseuts the same structure, as in DiantJius Caryophyllus, 
the number of stomates on the two sides is the same. As the mesophyll of 
the upper surface increases in extent, the number of stomates diminishes, 
falling to zero when the mesophyll is very compact, while that of the 
lower surface is fall of lacunae, as in Pelargonium citriodorum. The cells 
of the upper epiderm are then distinctly longer in the vertical direction 
than those of the under epiderm. 
Morphology of Grasses.* — Herr K. Goebel has studied the structure 
of the flower in the South American genera of Gramineae Streptocliseta 
and Pariana. The former genus has two trimerous perianth-whorls ; 
the trimerous perianth of Pariana corresponding to the inner perianth 
of Streptocliseta. The lodicules he regards as independent foliar struc- 
tures ; while the superior palea of ordinary grasses is a double leaf, 
resulting from the coalescence of the two anterior perianth -leaves of 
Streptocliseta, the posterior one having entirely disappeared. 
Tropical Saprophyte.f — Herr W. Figdor describes a saprophyte 
from Java, Cofylanthera tenuis, belonging to the Gentianaceae, which 
presents several interesting points of structure. The plant is entirely 
destitute of chlorophyll and the cortical parenchyme is infested with 
fungus -hyphae. A tap-root exists only in the young state. The anthers 
open by means of a single terminal pore. The ovules are destitute of 
integument. The mature embryo consists of only a few cells without 
any special differentiation. 
Abnormal Structures in Orchids.^ — Prof. 0. Peuzig has collected 
together the various departures from the normal type exhibited in the 
flowers of the Orchideae. Axillary buds are sometimes found in the inflor- 
escence, which do not develope till the following year. The normal inver- 
sion of the flower, caused by resupination or by torsion of the ovary, is not 
universal. An increase in the number of parts of the flower beyond the 
normal trimerous structure is rare ; reduction to a dimerous type is 
much more common ; the author terms the flower “ pseudo-dimerous ” 
when this is caused by abortion of an organ or by coalescence ; a true 
dimerous structure occurs generally in the Cypripedieae. Spiranthy, in 
which the flowers are arranged spirally on aic elongated axis, occurs 
occasionally. Both cohesion of similar, and adhesion of dissimilar 
organs, are frequently met with. Metamorphosis is not uncommon, 
especially the appearance of actinomorphic or peloric flowers. A large 
number of species also occasionally exhibit a metamorphosis of petals 
into stamens. The gynaeceum seldom exhibits anomalies ; but polyem- 
bryony and a cohesion of ovules have been observed. 
/3. Physiology. 
(1) Reproduction and Embryology. 
Chalazogamy in the Walnut.§ — Dr. S. Nawaschin finds a new and 
very remarkable example of chalazogamy in Juglans regia . At the 
* Flora, lxxxi. (1895) Erganz.-Bd., pp. 17-29 (1 pi. and 11 figs.). 
t Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gvsell., xiii. (1895) pp. 395-6. 
X Mena. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, xxix. (1895) pp. 79-101 (10 figs.). 
§ Bot. Centralbl., lxiii. (1895) pp. 353-7. Cf. this Journal. 1895, p. 651. 
