ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
211 
work is devoted to the 4 Application of the Microscope to the Histology 
of Tissues.’ It is divided into four chapters ; the first treats of the 
general form of the cell and of its contents, including the cell-wall, the 
living cell-body, under which protoplasm and the nucleus are discussed, 
the cell-sap, and fluid and solid excretions. The second chapter is 
devoted to the changes ( Unibildung ) which occur in the cell, com- 
prising changes in the size and form, thickening of the cell-wall, 
and chemical changes in the cell-wall. The third chapter discusses the 
different kinds of cell, — parenchymatous cells, fibre-cells, and tubular 
cells, including sieve-tubes and laticiferous cells. The fourth chapter 
treats of the tissues of the higher plants, classified under uniform tissues 
(primary-tissue, ground-tissue, and epidermal tissue), and non-uniform 
tissues, i. e. vascular bundles. The work is illustrated by three coloured 
plates and a large number of woodcuts (some of them coloured), many of 
which are borrowed from familiar text-books. 
B. CRYPTOGAMIA. 
Cryptogamia Vascularia. 
Archespore of Vascular Cryptogams.* — Prof. F. 0. Bower insists 
on the fact that the archespore is not invariably hypodermal in its 
origin ; exceptions being furnished by Equisetum , Isoetes, Ophioglossum, 
and the leptosporangiate ferns. When the apical meristems are stratified, 
the archespore is hypodermal in the usual sense ; where initial cells 
occur, it is the result of periclinal divisions of superficial cells. Inter- 
mediate types of meristem show an intermediate type of origin of the 
archespore. Ophioglossum , having only a single initial cell in both stem 
and root, can hardly have a hypodermal archespore. 
Vegetative and Fertile Leaves of Onoclea.j — The barren and fer- 
tile leaves of Onoclea sensibilis are sharply differentiated, without any 
intermediate conditions. Prof. G. F. Atkinson states that, by ampu- 
tating the early vegetative fronds, others are produced presenting every 
conceivable gradation between the fertile and barren fronds. 
Muscineae. 
Cell-Wall of Musciness-t — Herr G. Gjokic has applied the usual 
reagents to determine the chemical composition of the cell- wall of 
Muscineae, both Musci and Hepaticae, and finds that they exhibit no 
lignin-reaction ; they must therefore be regarded as unlignified. On the 
other hand, the presence of cellulose can invariably be demonstrated in 
the case of Hepaticae, and, with very few exceptions, also in the case 
of Musci. The cell-wall always contains substances of the nature of 
pectin. 
Symbiosis in Tetraplodon.§ — Prof. F. E. Weiss has found the 
rhizoids of this moss closely associated with the hyphae of a fungus, 
a species of Peziza, in a manner which suggested symbiosis between the 
two. 
* Rep. Brit. Ass. (Ipswich), 1895, p. 851. 
f Proc. Arner. Ass. Adv. Sei., 1891 (1895) p. 290. 
+ Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr., xlv. (1895) pp. 330-4. 
§ Rep. Brit. Ass. (Ipswich ), 1895, p. 855. 
