ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
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red, and lias found that, after a day or two, granules become visible in the 
cells. The granules stained by the pigment are partly within and partly 
without the vacuoles. Those within exhibit lively movements, revolving 
about their own axes ; they are further distinguished by a halo which 
in certain positions appears as if unstained. When the granules are 
observed in the plasma, their movements are quite slow. 
From the relation of the number of the granules to that of the vacuoles 
three divisions are made ; one shows vacuoles and numerous granules ; 
the second has merely granules and is without vacuoles ; in the third 
are vacuoles and but few granules. These three conditions render it 
probable that the granules and vacuoles are identical. It was further 
determined by means of single staining that the granules within and 
without the vacuoles are not of the same chemical nature, and this 
result was confirmed by the action of hydrochloric acid, the inference 
being that the granules in the plasma are devoid of nuclein. Digestion 
of yeast-cells with artificial gastric juice, and after-staining with methyl- 
green, failed to stain the plasma granules. As nuclein is a non-pepto- 
nisable substance, the author inferred that the granules are to be regarded 
as nuclear, and that the granules and vacuoles are the preliminary stage 
of a nucleus. 
Endosporous Red Yeast.* — Mr. A. P. Swan describes a red yeast 
which forms endospores, probably Saccharomyces rosaceus. It is ellip- 
tical in shape, about 8 by 5 /x in size, very aerobic and sensitive to light. 
It grows favourably in 10 per cent, wort-gelatin and at tempe- 
ratures between 4° *5 and 10° produces fully matured spores in less 
than a month. When cultivated on plates it has a marked tendency to 
grow upwards, and at temperatures above 15° the gelatin is liquefied. In 
malt extract a thick scum of a red coral colour forms in about ten days. 
It is not capable of producing vinous fermentation. In cover-glass 
cultures it is polymorphic, and forms chains with septate liyphee like 
Oidium lactis ; this is more frequent in albuminous than in saccharine 
media. In malt extract the cells are usually in pairs, and bud off from 
the end of the parent cell. Endospores are regularly produced by 
cultivating in wort-gelatin, kept in the light at a temperature between 
5° and 10°, and with a plentiful supply of air. The spores are first 
produced on the surface of the colony, but afterwards throughout its 
mass. The manner in which they are produced consists in the usual 
gradual thickening of the protoplasm ; and when one spore only is to be 
formed, the protoplasm collects into a central globular mass of the same 
diameter as the breadth of the mother-cell. When two spores are going 
to be formed, the protoplasm, after a general inspissation, is first con- 
stricted in the middle, gradually separating into two globular spores 
which are nearly always of the same size. The number of spores is 
generally two, less often one ; but sometimes three or more are formed. 
Yalpantena Wine Ferments.f — Sig. Y. Peglion contends that the 
notions which have recently become prevalent relative to wine manufac- 
ture from pure yeasts are in many respects erroneous. Thus musts 
* Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., 2 te Abt., ii. (1896) pp. 1-11 (8 figs.). 
t Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., xviii. p. 369. See Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. Parasitenk., 
2 te Abt., i. (1895) pp. 862-3. 
