412 
SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCHES RELATING TO 
The case of Bemipes cubensis illustrates discontinuity of distribution. 
While the usual dispersal is by free-swimming larvae, the possibility of 
an original topographical and climatic continuity along the litoral region 
of the North Pacific must be borne in mind. 
Pharyngeal Glands of Hipperinse.* — MM. J. Kunstler and A. 
Gruvel describe the minute structure of the pharyngeal glands in the 
Hipperinae found as commensals of Medusae. Each cell has its own 
duct, or they occur in pairs beside one duct. They are united in groups 
by a connective-tissue envelope. Each cell has a vesicle formed by a 
swelling of the duct and lying in a hilum-like depression into which 
canaliculi open. The intracellular canaliculi are richly ramified in 
the cytoplasm, which has a distinct alveolar structure surrounded by a 
more differentiated peripheral layer. The nucleus is surrounded by a 
clear zone and has a remarkably muriform alveolar structure, recalling 
that seen in Stylonichia mytilus. 
Striped Muscle in Ostracoda.j — Dr. E. v. Daday has studied the 
striped muscle of Ostracoda, and has reached the following conclusions. 
The membrane around the muscle-fibres is two-layered even in the 
finest fibres. Between the two layers of the thicker sarcolemma, there 
is a very finely granulated protoplasmic substance, but in the narrower 
sarcolemma this is hardly or not at all demonstrable. The muscle- 
nuclei are to be found between the two layers of the sarcolemma, but 
only if there is protoplasmic substance there. The oval nuclei are 
united in necklace-like fashion by a grey protoplasmic strand, running 
from the poles of their long axis. They contain a nucleolus with 
nuclear corpuscles, and their walls show three spiral systems running in 
different directions. 
The muscle-substance is not disposed in discs, but is a spirally- 
twisted strand, or sarconema, corresponding to Merkel’s muscle-element. 
Each muscle-fibre has one or more of these. In the state of contraction 
the muscle-strand becomes cylindrical, and its spirals horizontal ; in 
relaxation it is a more or less flat band. 
Around the muscle-strand is a delicate membrane, identical with 
Krause’s membrane. The muscle-strand consists of an external light 
substance — hyalolemma, a median grey substance — glaucolemma, and a 
central strand — endonema. The light substance — hyalolemma — is a 
cylindrical tube, whose walls correspond to the isotropic discs of 
previous interpretations. The grey substance — glaucolemma — corre- 
sponds to Engelmann’s discs. The endonema is a cylindrical strand, 
and its substance corresponds to Hensen’s median disc. 
In the outer substance of hyalo- and glaucolemma, there run in 
opposite directions, two crossing systems of bands, whose optical image 
is identical on the one hand with Engelmann’s Nebenscheibe (hyalo- 
lemma), and on the other hand with the sarcous elements (glaucolemma). 
The central strand consists of a cylindrical tube of a light substance, 
and another of a grey substance, and of a median thread, the axonema. 
The two substances demonstrable in the axonema are analogous to those 
* Mem. Soc. Zool. France, ix. (1896) pp. 149-58 (2 pis. and 2 figs.). 
t Math. Nat. Ber. Ungarn, xii. (1895) pp. 92-118 (2 pis.). 
