ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
515 
ochre-yellow, and this is also the colour which is assumed by the 
haemolymph when it is removed from the chrysalis and exposed to the 
air. The author has succeeded by artificial means in manufacturing 
from the haemolymph several pigments which are similar in colour to 
various markings upon the wings of the mature insects. Chemical 
reagents have the same effect upon these manufactured pigments as they 
have upon the similar coloured pigments of the wings. Dull ochre- 
yellows and drabs are the oldest pigmental colours in these insects ; the 
more brilliant, such as bright yellow, red, or green, are derived by more 
complex chemical processes. The former dull colours are at the present 
day those that prevail among the less differentiated nocturnal moths ; 
the diurnal forms have almost the monopoly of the brilliant colours, but 
even in these, dull yellow or drab colours are still quite common in those 
parts of the wings that are hidden from view. 
Genital Ducts and Glands of Female Silk-Moth.* — Messrs. E. Yerson 
and E. Bisson have investigated the post-embryonic development of the 
efferent genital ducts and accessory glands in the female Bombyx mori. 
During the first larval period there appear, at the side of the eighth and 
ninth abdominal segments, two pairs of germinal or imaginal discs, which, 
like four similar, but everted, structures in the male, must be derived 
from embryonic abdominal appendages. During the fifth larval period 
the four ingrowths converge and meet on the ventral median line. In 
a somewdiat complex manner they give origin to the copulatory and 
seminal pouches, to the cement-glands, and to the tubular uterus, which 
is therefore w'holly ectodermic. As in the testicular strand, which 
shows a small (ccelomic ?) lumen both anteriorly and posteriorly, so is 
it in the female genital strand. The accessory organs in the female are 
ectodermic, in the male mesodermic, therefore not homologous. The 
muscular envelope of the uterus is derived from the genital strands ; 
that of the accessory structures is due to contributions from the inter- 
visceral network. 
Lateral Organs of the Larvae of Scarabi.f — Dr. F. Meinert finds 
that these larvae have nine pairs of well-developed lateral organs, con- 
nected with each of the nine pairs of stigmata. This lateral organ 
consists of a chitinous plate, of an internal ring, and a spiracular 
chamber situated behind this ring, together with a well-developed 
collection of nerves and cells. It appears to have the function both of 
an organ of respiration and of an organ of sensation. This spiracular 
plate has no openings or pores ; it is made up of one or several layers of 
cells or chambers, the most external of which, the layer of air-chambers, 
is generally full of gas. At each larval eedysis there is produced a 
new portion of skin, which serves to form the new lateral organ, inde- 
pendently of the old one. The filaments of nerve-substance end in the 
stigma by a swelling which has transparent crystals connected with it. 
The sensory function of the lateral organs appears without doubt to be of 
an auditory nature. 
Myrmecophile Lepismids and Ants. £ — It has long been known, 
remarks “E. C. K.,” that the plant-lice found in ant-hills have a rela- 
* Zeitschr. f. wfiss. Zool., Ixi. (1896) pp. 660-94 (3 pis. and 1 fig.). 
f Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. Copenhagen, viii. (1895) 72 pp. and 3 pis. 
t Comptes Rendus, exxii. pp. 799-802. See Amer. Natural., xxx. (1896) 
pp. 496-8 (1 fig.). 
