ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
45 
korperclien ” and to the “ cell-plate ” in vegetable cells ; all are at least 
phenomena due to intracellular forces exerted in karyokinesis. 
y. General. 
Chemistry of Protoplasm.* — Herr G. Wendt has an important essay 
on this subject, in which he advocates “ the theory of the specific indi- 
vidual capillary reactions of the protoplasm.” A preliminary statement 
of this was published by Preyer and Wendt in 1891. So far as we have 
been able to follow the author in his terse discussion of a most difficult 
problem, we find (1) a sharp contrast drawn between inorganic and vital 
chemical reactions, the uniqueness of the latter depending on the 
capillary peculiarities of protoplasm; (2) a contrast between phyto- 
plasma, which is especially the seat of synthetic ( Kondensations ) and 
reducing processes, and zooplasma, which is especially the seat of 
analytic and oxidizing changes — a contrast dependent on the possession 
of different capillary forces or “ colligative ” properties ; (3) a destruc- 
tive criticism of the micellar or tagma theory of the constitution of pro- 
toplasm, against which the author believes that the chemical objections 
are fatal ; and (4) a recognition of the results of morphological investi- 
gations which disclose the existence within the cell of capillary spaces 
disposed in definite specific order. 
B. INVERTEBRATA. 
Parasites of Holothurians of Naples. t — Signor F. S. Monticelli 
found an Agamonema in the body-muscles of Synapta , which is probably 
sexually mature in Plagiostomous Fishes ; Ctenodrilus pardalis was found 
in the coelom of Synapta and Holothuria ; Anoplodium pusillam sp. n. in 
the coelom of H. Poll ; Ophryotrocha puerilis , a Polychsete, in the coelom 
of Cucumaria Planci. Free-living Copepoda, Nematoda, Oligochaeta and 
Foraminifera were — in consequence of the peculiar ingestion of water 
by Holothurians — recognized in their body-cavity. 
Mollusca. 
a. Cephalopoda. 
Cephalopoda of North Sea.J — Dr. A. Appellof, in a short account 
of the Cephalopods collected by the Norwegian North Sea Expedition, 
calls attention to the occasional absence of the ink-bag, and asks whether 
there is not a group of species distinguished by the absence of this organ. 
In the young stages of Gonatus Fabricii the suckers do not exhibit any 
signs of hooks, but have only distinctly dentated chitinous rings. 
Inhibition in Cephalopoda.§ — M. C. Phisalix has observed that 
pallor of the chromatophores of Cephalopods may result from the action 
of certain stimuli. His experiments show that excitation of the supra- 
oesophageal ganglion by a feeble current often produces extreme pallor ; 
it is probable that this is due to a reflex phenomenon rather than to 
* Jenaische Zeitschr. f. Naturwiss., xxviii. (1893) pp. 53-75. 
t Monit. Zool. Ital., iii. (1892) pp. 248-56. See Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. u. 
Parasitenk., xiv. (1893) p. 645. J 
t Bergens Mus. Aarbog for 1892 (1893) No. 1, pp. 1-13 (1 pi.). 
§ Comptes Rendus, cxvii. (1893) pp. 638-40. 
