ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
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undergone acetic fermentation. Hence the usually received opinion, 
viz. that My coderma aceti is the one and only cause of acetic fermenta- 
tion, appears likely to be upset, and it is probable that this function 
will be found to be shared by other organisms. The new blastomycete 
was cultivated in sterilized beer, and in 92-5 cm. of fluid 1 • 098 grm. of 
acetic acid were produced, or 1*19 per cent. 
The morphology and the classification are promised later, the 
author’s preliminary communication being concerned only with two 
points, viz. that Turpin had no share in the discovery of the acetic acid 
bacteria, and the merit thereof is to be ascribed to Kiitzing alone ; and 
that the contention of Pasteur, who maintained in the c Etudes sur le 
Yinaigre ’ that My coderma vini could split up alcohol directly into 
carbonic acid and water without an intervening formation of acetic acid, 
can no longer be upheld. 
Fungus which forms several Different Lichens.* — Herr A. Mdller 
has found in Brazil a fungus belonging to the Thelephorese which has 
the remarkable property of entering into the composition of three 
different lichens belonging to the genera Cora , Dictyonema, and Laudatea , 
of Hymenolichenes. The fungus was found associated with Cora , which 
grows abundantly on the ground ; and a connection was determined 
between the hyphas of the two. The gonids of Cora belong to Chroococcus , 
while those of Dictyonema and Laudatea are Scytonemata. These two 
algal genera were proved to be identical, the latter being the form 
assumed when creeping on the substratum, the former when rising erect 
on the branches of trees. The fungus-element is in both the same 
species of Thelephora. The passage of the hyphae from one lichen- 
form to the other was observed in several cases. The advantage gained 
by the fungus from its symbiosis was shown by the fact that when it 
grows on the summits of lofty trees or on small trees on the high moun- 
tains, it is never without its nutritive symbiont. 
Alternation of Generations in the Uredineae.f — Herr F. v. Tavel 
points out that, while in some cases each generation of heteroecious 
Uredineae is confined to a particular family or even genus of host-plants, 
e. g. Gymnosporangium , this is not usually the case. Especially in 
regard to the secidio-generation, which is mostly found on a host-plant 
growing in a similar situation to that attacked by the uredospore- 
generation, rather than on one genetically allied to it. A number of 
examples of this law are given; also a few exceptions, such as the 
occurrence of Coleosporium Tussilaginis on Tussilago farfara , which has 
no connection, either in affinity or habit, with Conifers. 
Suckers of the Uredineae.;}: — According to M. Sappin-Trouffy the 
Uredineae possess suckers as well developed as those of the Peronosporeae 
and Ustilaginese. They are described in detail in the case of Puccinia 
graminis, Uromyces Betse, and Coleosporium Senecionis. They result from 
a slight swelling, which may assume various forms, of a cell of the 
mycele ; the swollen part is entirely enclosed in a cell of the host-plant, 
* Flora, lxxvii. (1893) pp. 254-78. 
t Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Gesell., 1893, pp, 97-101. See Bot. Ztg., li. (1893), 2te 
Abtheil., p. 297. X Le Botaniste (Dangeard), iii. (1893) pp. 215-9 (1 pi.). 
