ZOOLOGY ANI) BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
445 
segment ; he is inclined to think that the products have the function of 
charging with odours the air in a tegumentary chamber whicli is con- 
nected with these glands. Near the abdominal stigmata and near the 
anus there are groups of small glandular colls. 
Poison-Apparatus of Hymenoptera.* * * § — M. Bordas has found both 
the alkaline gland (gland of Dufour) and the acid gland in a hundred 
species, not only among Aculeata, but among Ichneumonidse, Tenthre- 
dineae, &c. It may be safely said to be of general occurrence. The 
acid gland consists of three parts, the glandular portion, the reservoir 
for the poison, and the excretory canal. The alkaline gland is an 
irregular tube, with a striated surface and without a reservoir. In most 
Hymenoptera there is yet a third gland — unpaired, granular, rectangular 
or lanceolate — with a short filamentous duct which opens beside the 
orifice of the alkaline gland. 
Salivary Glands of Ichneumonidge.t — M. Bordas has also a pre- 
liminary notice of his work on the salivary glands of these Hymenoptera, 
of which he recognizes six sets — the thoracic, the supracerebral, the 
mandibular, the sublingual, the lingual, and the maxillary ; the last are 
so reduced as to be almost atrophied. 
Defensive Ejection of Blood.;}: — M. L. Cuenot finds that Leydig was 
right (1859) in asserting that certain Coleoptera ejected their blood in 
self-defence. He has proved this in Timarcha tenebricosa Fabr., T. cori- 
aria Fabr., and Adimonia tanaceti Fabr., among the Chrysomelidse ; in 
Coccinella septempunctata L. and C. bipunctata L., among the Cocci- 
nellidse; in Meloe proscarabseus L., M. majalis L., and M. autumnalis 
Oliv., among the vesicating insects. When the insect “ feigns death,” 
drops of blood are squeezed through the cuticle ; its repulsive qualities 
are known chemically and have been proved experimentally. 
Alimentary Canal of Orthoptera.§ — Sig. 0. Visart describes the 
minute structure of various Orthoptera. The fore-gut shows external 
longitudinal muscles, a zone of transversal or annular muscles, internal 
longitudinal muscles, a chitinogenous matrix, and a cliitinous intima. 
The mid-gut has longitudinal and annular muscles, a sub-epithelial con- 
nective membrane or tunica propria, and the glandular epithelium with 
four types of cells, whose distribution, secretory activity, chromatolysis, 
and gemmation are minutely described. In connection with the hind- 
gut special attention is given to the “ pore-canals.” ' 
Flight of Locusts. |j — Mr. C. B. Mitford gives an interesting account 
of what was, he says, a more marvellous sight than he has ever seen. 
The changed appearance of the “ bush ” at Freetown, Sierra Leone, on 
the 25th November, 1893, led him to call the attention of a native, who 
told him that locusts were coming. In a short time huge black clouds 
appeared above the hills, and those first seen gave the idea that the whole 
of the sides of the hills, three miles off, were on fire ; at 2 . 45 p.m. these 
* Comptes Eendus, cxviii. (1894) pp. 873-4. 
f Zool. Anzeig., xvii. (1894) pp. 131-3. 
t Comptes Rendus, cxviii. (1894) pp. 875-7. 
§ Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat., xiii. (1894) pp. 20-54 (34 figs.). 
|| Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1894, p. 2. 
