ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
589 
epiphyte for those plants in which the lower part of the stem entirely 
dies away, leaving the upper portion to derive its nutriment exclusively 
through the aerial adventitious roots. This occurs especially among the 
Aroidere. Those plants which at first obtain their nutriment entirely 
from the soil, but at a later period also partially through aerial roots, 
are termed hemi-epiphytes. The order of development he believes to be 
as follows : — root-climbers, root-climbers with nutrient aerial roots, 
pseud-epiphytes, hemi-epiphytes, true epiphytes. 
B. Physiology. 
Cl) Reproduction and Embryology. 
Embryo-sac of Plantago.* — Dr. L. Buscalioni describes the struc- 
ture and development of the embryo-sac of Plantago lanceolata. In 
addition to some minor peculiarities, it is characterized by the emission 
of numerous diverticula — filaments of cellulose, each of which contains 
a portion of one of the original nuclei of the embryo-sac. 
Cross-pollination and Self-pollination. — Herr P. Knuth f has in- 
vestigated the phenomena of pollination in plants growing in the 
marsh-lands of Schleswig-Holstein. Out of 36 species examined, two 
were hydrophilous, two self-pollinated, 16 entomophilous, though able 
to effect self-pollination, and the remainder anemophilous. 
He also describes f the mode of pollination and the insect-visitors of 
a number of species, natives of the island of Capri ; and § the pollination 
of the three German species of Helleborus ; these are proterogynous and 
entomophilous. 
The same author|| discusses the phenomena of pollination in the 
islands of North Friesland, where there is an almost constant high wind. 
The number of anemophilous species is here comparatively large, that 
of entomophilous species being small. The flowers are, as a rule, large. 
According to Herr C. Kaunkiaer % all the hermaphrodite species of 
CyperacesB natives of Denmark are so strongly proterogynous that self- 
pollination is impossible. 
In Penistemon gentianoides Prof. F. Pasquale ** states that the move- 
ment of the staminode is for the purpose of ensuring self- rather than 
cross-pollination. 
In the latest of his series of papers on “ Flowers and Insects,” Mr. 
C. Eobertson describes the mode of pollination and the insect visitors 
of several American species of Clematis and Ranunculus, also of Hyperi- 
cum cistifolium , Xanthophyllum americanum, and Rhus glabra. 
* Malpighia, viii. (1894) pp. 3-13 (1 pi.). 
t Bot. Jaarb. Dodonsea, vi. (1894) 31 pp. and a map. See Bot. Centralbl., lviii. 
(1894) p. 212. 
% Atti Congr. Bot. Internaz. Genova, 1893, pp. 553-60 (1 pi.). See Bot. 
Centralbl., 1894, Beih., p. 22. 
§ Bot. Centralbl., lviii. (1894) pp. 225-8 (3 figs.). 
|| ‘ Blumen u. Insecten auf den nordfriesischen Inseln,’ Kiel, 1893. See Bot. Ztg., 
li. (1893) 2 te Abtheil., p. 370. 
H Bot. Tiddskr., xviii. (1893) pp. 19-23. See Bot. Centralbl., lvii. (1894) p. 142. 
** Jahrb. Bot. Gesell. Dodonsea, 1893, 14 pp. and 1 pi. See Bot. Centralbl., lvii. 
(1894) p. 142. ft Bot. Gazette, xix. (1894) pp. 103-12. 
1894 2 s 
