ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 091 
ectoderm. In the one case the mesogloeal elements preponderate greatly 
over the calcigenous, in the other the preponderance of the calcigenous 
elements has led to the formation of a dense calcareous skeleton, the 
mesogloeal elements being reduced to a very subordinate position. 
Callirhabdos.* — Dr. E. A. Philippi describes, under this name, a 
new genus of Gorgonids, which has, in the opinion of the editor — Prof. 
Hilgcndorf— considerable general resemblance to Studer’s Primnoella 
magelhaensica. The account is too short to allow of a definite judg- 
ment. 
Budding of Hydroids.f — Dr. A. Lang published some time ago the 
results of his observations on the budding of Hydra , Eudendrium , and 
Plumularia , which seemed to show that the bud was to begin with wholly 
derived from the ectoderm. His observations have been contested by 
Herr F. Braem, and J now Lang answers the criticism and reaffirms his 
conclusions. 
Porifera. 
Tetractinellidse of Naples.§ — Dr. G. C. J. Vosmaer returns to the 
point on which, as he says, he has often insisted that species vary 
greatly. For example, Geodia gigas may be regular or very irregular 
in form, with a smooth or rough surface, and the ovum vary in length 
and diameter. Isops maculosus sp. n. is spherical, globular, ellipsoid, or 
oviform. Synops anceps is irregular in form, and has a varying number 
of procts. Though the skeleton of Caminus vulcani exhibits an unmis- 
takable degeneration from the tetraxile type, the specimens which the 
author examined possess more tetraxile spicules, and less deformities 
than the type-specimens of Schmidt. Stryphnus mucronatus and S. car- 
bonarius are shown to be identical. Two new species of Pacillastra — 
P. fragilis, the substance of which resembles bread-crumb, and 
P. cumana , which is like the leaf of a water-lily — are described. 
New Hexactinellids from Sagami Bay.|| — Dr. I. Ijima has a pre- 
liminary notice of some new, and in many cases truly magnificent forms 
of Hexactinellidae. Euplectella imperialis may measure nearly 500 mm. 
in the portion exposed above the sea-bottom ; it was taken from depths 
of 200-300 fathoms. Hyalonema reflexion will perhaps be found to 
require a new genus ; H. Owstoni, H. clathratum , and H. pellucidum were 
taken at various depths between 200 and 400 fathoms. 
Protozoa. 
Cell-granules in Protozoa. f — Miss M. Przesmycki has studied these 
in Ciliata, e. g. Paramsecium, Golpidium , Opalina. There are two sets, 
those which occur in vacuoles and those which lie in the cytoplasm. 
Some of the latter correspond to Altmann’s granulae, but the investigator 
finds no reason to regard them as elemental constituents of the cell or 
for comparing the structure of Protozoa to “ a kind of zoogloea.” 
* Arch. f. Naturg., lx. (1894) pp. 211-3 (2 figs.). 
t Biol. Centralbl., xiv. (1894) pp. 682-7. J Tom. cit., pp. 140-61. 
§ Tijdsclir. Nederl. Dierk. Yerecn., iv. (1894) pp. 269-86. 
|| Zool. Anzeig., xvii. (1894) pp. 365-9. 
^1 Biol. Centralbl., xiv. (1894) pp. 620-6. 
