ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
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species. He includes the Characese under Algae, placing them among 
the Chlorophycem. 
Fossil Chara.* * * § — Under the name Cliara Stantoni Mr. F. Knowlton 
describes a new fossil species obtained from the Upper Chalk ; therefore 
one of the oldest species from a geological point of view. 
Algae. 
New Parasitic Alga.f — Under the name Pogotrichum hibernicum 
sp. n. Prof. T. Johnson describes a brown alga parasitic on Maria 
esculenta at Kilkee. It exhibits a mode of propagation by means of 
stoloniferous endophytic hyphse. Both unilocular and plurilocular 
sporanges were observed. The author suggests the union of the two 
genera Pogotrichum and Litosiphon , and possibly the identity of P. hiber- 
nicum with L. Laminarise Harv. 
Karyoid, a new Organ of Conjugatae-I — various species of 
Mougeotia , Spirogyra, Zygnema, Closterium, and Cosmarium , Herr E. 
Palla finds peculiar bodies, to 'which he gives the name haryoids. They 
were not found in any alga not belonging to the Conjugate. They are 
minute spherical bodies, 1*5 to 2*5 /x in diameter, attached to the 
chlorophyll plate (not imbedded in it), and are distinguished from the 
nucleus and the pyrenoids by their staining reactions, as also from 
Crato’s physoids. They take up iodine-eosin and picrin-anilin-blue 
readily. 
In Mougeotia these bodies are seated on both sides of the chlorophyll- 
plate ; in Spirogyra only upon the inner side, where their number is 
extraordinarily large. In Zygnema they are found on the central portion 
only of the chloroplast, not on its rays ; in Closterium moniliferum chiefly 
on the chlorophyll-band which connects the two half-cells. In Cos- 
marium Botrytis there are a number of karyoids on each of the four 
chloroplasts ; in C. Meneghinii only a few minute ones, about 0 • 5 [x in 
diameter, in each half-cell. 
Trentepohlia.§ — In a paper on certain species of Trentepohlia , M. E. 
de Wildeman maintains that neither the size of the cells nor the mode 
of fructification can be relied on in the determination of species. On 
the same filament may often be found several kinds of reproductive cells. 
A new species, T. Pittieri, is described from Costa Bica. 
Pleodorina, a new Genus of Volvocine8e.|| — Mr. W. B. Shaw has 
found, in a ditch in California, a motile organism which he describes as 
Pleodorina calif ornica g. et sp. n., allied to Pandorina and Eudorina. It 
is a coenobe composed of about 128 biciliated cells, from one-half to two- 
thirds of which are parthenogonids. It is enclosed in a hyaline 
gelatinous envelope. There are no connecting filaments between the 
cells ; each contains a red pigment-spot. No mode of sexual reproduc- 
tion was observed. Non-sexual propagation takes place by gonids, 
* Bot. Gazette, xviii. (1893) pp. 141-2 (3 figs.). 
t Scient. Proc. R. Dublin Soc., viii. (1893) pp. 1-10 (1 pi.). 
I Ber. Deutsch. But. Gesell., xii. (1894) pp. 153-62 (1 pi.). 
§ Ann. Soc. Beige Micr., xviii. (1894) pp. 1-31 (3 pis.). Of. this Journal, ante, 
p. 233. || Bot. Gazette, xix. (1894) pp. 279-83 (1 pi.) . 
