ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 185 
by one at right angles to the first, followed by one at right angles to 
both the preceding ones. The mother-cell of the spermatogenous mass 
is thus divided into eight cells, each of which again breaks up into two. 
The antherid of Marsilia and Pilularia therefore consists of sixteen 
spermatogenous and one stigmatic or wall-cell. 
Muscineae. 
Regeneration in Mosses.* — In a large number of Mosses, belonging 
to many different genera, Mr. F. De Forest Heald finds a remarkable 
power of regeneration in the leaves of all genera, except Fissidens and 
Ceratodon ; either rhizoids or protonemes being produced ; in Atriclium , 
Polytrichum, and Phascum , from the cells of the ventral side of the leaf ; 
in Barhula, Brachythecium, and Funaria , from special cells of the leaf- 
base ; in Mnium and Bryum, apparently from all the leaf-cells. The 
effect of light on regeneration varies in the different genera. The com- 
plete separation of the leaf from the stem is necessary for the production 
of both rhizoids and protonemes. In Mnium, buds develop directly 
on the rhizoids and on the leaves, and in Fissidens directly on the stem 
without the intervention of a protoneme. Protonemes were developed 
indifferently from any part of the stem ; in some cases from axillary 
cells only ; in others from epidermal cells of the internode. The 
power of moss-leaves to produce protonemes is not destroyed by pro- 
longed desiccation. 
Internal Projections in the Rhizoids of Marchantiacese.f — Herr 
L. Lammermayr finds, especially in cultivated plants of Fegatella conica , 
peculiar projections from the internal walls of the smooth rhizoids, 
approaching in character those of the peculiar Zdpfchen-rhizoiden. In 
the basal portion of the rhizoids these are sometimes so strongly devel- 
oped that the cell-cavity is virtually filled up by them. Their chemical 
nature appears to be the same as that of the Zdpfchen-rhizoiden. 
Characese. 
Cell- and Nuclear Division in Chara.j: — Having already determined 
that no reduction in the number of chromosomes takes place in the 
formation of the antherozoids in Ghara , Herr B. Debski now shows that 
this is also the case in the development of the oosphere in C. fragilis < 
After the absorption of the wall of the nucleus, but before the formation 
of the spindle, protoplasmic radiations make their appearance around 
the nuclear cavity. The cell-plate is formed from thickenings of the 
connecting threads. Peculiar changes take place in the nucleoles and 
nuclear framework of nearly all the cells, resulting in simple fragmenta- 
tion of the nucleus ; none of these cells undergo further division. In 
the formation of the spindle, Chara presents a closer resemblance to 
the higher plants than to Algce. The vacuoles appear to be formed by 
the increase or coalescence of meshes in the protoplasm. Except in the 
case of the youngest cells of very active growing points, and of young 
* Bot. Gazette, xxvi. (1898) 169-210 (2 pis.). 
t Oesterr. Bot. Zeit3cln\, xlviii. (1898) pp. 321-4 (3 figs.). 
X Jalirb. f. wiss. Bot , xxxii. (1898) pp. 635-70 (2 pis.). Of. this Journal, 1897, 
p. 416. 
1899 
o 
