ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
519 
From the germinating spore, after the formation of the first stroma, 
a secondary development of the hypothallus takes place. This may 
take the form either of irregular unbranched hyphse, or of branched 
rhizines which are associated with the medullary layer of the thallus. 
The primary thallus consists, in Cenomyce, to which the greater number 
of the cup-lichens belong, of scales or leaflets ; rarely, as in Pycnothelia 
and Cladina , is it crustaceous. The crustaceous thallus has the same 
anatomical structure as the scales, except that no true cortical layer 
can be distinguished in it. The foliaceous thallus has three layers, 
cortex, gonidial zone, and medulla. The soredes originate in the 
gonidial zone at the margin of the thallus-scales. Above the primary 
thallus are the fruticose podetia. Wainio now regards the apotheces 
as belonging to the fructification, and as elongations of the cOnceptacle. 
The podetia of many Cladonieae expand laterally into the cups or 
scyphi. In all the Cladonieae the gonidial apparatus or spermogones 
originate from the podetia. 
The author then discusses the phylogenetic development of the 
Cladonieae, and the relationship to one another of the genera and 
species. 
Structure of Gyrophora.* — Herr G. Lindau describes the mode of 
formation of the “ trichogyne ” in this genus, which resembles that in 
other foliaceous lichens. Since it has no homology with the trichogyne 
of the Floridese, the author proposes to substitute for it the term tere- 
brator. Its function aj>pears to be to break through the hard cortex 
which lies above the primordium of the apothece, and gradually to 
disorganise it. Lindau further proposes to abandon the term “ pseudo- 
parenchyme ” for a tissue composed of interwoven hyphge, and to sub- 
stitute plectenchyme, which may then be either a paraplectenchyme or a 
prosoplectenchyme. Gyrophora exhibits a remarkable development of 
marginal growth, the thallus forming a large number of fine lobes, 
which afterwards unite in growth to form the continuous thallus ; 
frequently, however, leaving holes in the middle. 
Kopiness of Must and Wine.f — Herr E. Meissner describes some 
yeasts which were isolated from the mucoid flux of a plane-tree and 
from three ropy wines. As culture media, pasteurised grape-must, 
Sicilian must, 10 per cent, grape-must gelatin, and artificial solutions 
were used. 
The structure and development of mucous yeasts are simple, and 
resemble those of true yeasts. They are about half the size of the 
latter. In some, glycogen could be demonstrated. Spore-formation 
was not observed. Some formed a certain amount of surface scum or 
even a membrane. 
Instead of forming alcohol in the nutrient fluid or in wine or must, 
the mucous yeast produced a ropy viscid substance. For their growth 
they are in urgent need of oxygen. Carbonic acid hinders their 
development, but does not kill them. Nine per cent, of alcohol pre- 
vents development ; but on transference to sweet must they revive. 
* Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Gattung Gyrophora, 1899 (1 pi.). See Bot. Centralbl., 
lxxviii. (1899) p. 337. 
f Landwirthsoh. Jahrb., 1898, pp. 716-72 (2 pis.). See Bot. Centralbl., lxxvii. 
(1899) pp. 375-7. 
