ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 
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0 • 25 mm. apart (only one shown in figure), and are under the knife-edge ; 
the third s' is at right angles to the first two. The object is set with 
regard to these lines, and its orientation attained either with the naked 
eye, or with lens or Microscope. 
(3) The Knife-holder comprises the lower crossbar B, the two collars 
H' and H", and the rod St, which is rigidly attached to B, and passes 
through an orifice in the upper crossbar A, and at its upper end bears a 
knob K n. When Kn is depressed, this arrangement sinks, and is brought 
to rest by the collars H/ and H" meeting the plinths F' and Ka ; at the 
same moment the knife-edge just reaches the glass plate. The spring 
Fe raises the knife-holder again when the pressure is removed. 
(4) The Frame comprises the two pillars S' and S" and the upper 
crossbar A. Of these S' is firmly secured to the glass plate, and to it 
belong the plinth F' and the screw-head Ko 1 . The pillar passes through 
an orifice in the crossbar A, which can be rotated round the pillar. But 
in order that A, in spite of this movability, should not be loose (which 
would render accurate knife-adjustment impossible), a spring is placed 
between the crossbar and the head Ko', and finds a support on the head, 
and presses the bar firmly down against the pillar, which is here broadened 
out. This spring P is a piece of brass concavely punched out, thus 
acquiring a twist and acting as a strong spring. It has an orifice through 
which the upper end of the pillar passes in order to receive the screw- 
head Ko'. 
The second pillar S" is rigidly connected with A by means of the 
screw-head Ko", and can be swung out of its place over the glass plate. 
The means for accomplishing this are not shown in the figure, but will 
be understood from their description. The plinth F" is immovable on 
the glass plate, and bears at its upper end a dove-tailed wedge, and the 
pillar at its lower end has a corresponding hollow which fits tightly on 
the wedge. 
Thus, when desired, the pillar S 1 ', the frame, knife, and knife-holder, 
can be rotated round the other pillar out of the way, and in this way 
the orientation of the object by vertical inspection can be attained. 
Although the cutting is done by pressure, the author has found no 
disadvantage even with so difficult a material as yolk. 
Starlinger’s Apparatus for obtaining Perfectly Parallel Thin 
Brain Sections.* — This apparatus has been gradually perfected by 
Dr. Starlinger as an auxiliary to the Marchi method of brain dissection, 
and is in general use in the asylum laboratories of Lower Austria. 
The author points out the importance of obtaining the complete 
section series in the pathological study of a brain, and how difficult, as 
well as uncertain, it generally is to obtain such. By his apparatus, a whole 
hemisphere, or an entire brain, can be easily cut into a complete series 
of sections. The action of the machine resembles that of a chaff-cutter. 
The apparatus (fig. 164) consists of two parts, the knife A, and the 
framework B. The knife being thin and yielding, is set in a bow-saw 
frame. This peculiarity of the knife is of main importance, as every 
kind of stouter blade is unsuitable. The base h is a species of slide 
and carries a perpendicular glass plate / secured in a frame e. This 
* Zeitschr. f. wiss. Mikr., xvi. (1899) pp. 179-83 (1 fig.). 
